以淮河流域蚌埠闸以上20个水文站点1956-2010年日径流量观测数据资料为基础,采用游程检验、趋势检验和Mann-Kendall检验法分析年最大日径流量的变化规律。分别采用年最大值法(annual maximum,AM)和超门限峰值法(peaks over threshold,P...以淮河流域蚌埠闸以上20个水文站点1956-2010年日径流量观测数据资料为基础,采用游程检验、趋势检验和Mann-Kendall检验法分析年最大日径流量的变化规律。分别采用年最大值法(annual maximum,AM)和超门限峰值法(peaks over threshold,POT)抽取径流序列样本,运用广义极值分布(generalized extreme value distribution,GEV)和广义帕累托分布(generalized Pareto distribution,GPD)两种极值统计模型对规范化样本进行拟合,分析淮河流域极端径流的时空变化规律。研究表明:1956-2010年,淮河流域蚌埠闸以上的研究站点中,10个站点的年最大日径流量有减少的趋势,另外10个站点有不显著的增加趋势。极端径流事件大多发生在20世纪60、70年代,且以汛期居多。淮河流域的极端径流主要来自淮河干流、淮南山区和伏牛山区。使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)法检验发现,GEV和GPD分布分别能较好的拟合AM和POT序列。采用百分位阈值法、平均超出量函数图法和超定量洪峰法三种方法选取阈值,对于淮河流域的极端径流事件模拟而言,百分位阈值法较好。展开更多
Based on the daily runoff data from 20 hydrological stations above the Bengbu Sluice in the Huaihe River Basin during 1956-2010, run test, trend test and Mann-Kendall test are used to analyze the variation trend of an...Based on the daily runoff data from 20 hydrological stations above the Bengbu Sluice in the Huaihe River Basin during 1956-2010, run test, trend test and Mann-Kendall test are used to analyze the variation trend of annual maximum runoff series. The annual maximum series （AM） and peaks over threshold series （POT） are selected to describe the extreme distributions of generalized extreme value distribution （GEV） and generalized Pareto distri- bution （GPD）. Temporal and spatial variations of extreme runoff in the Huaihe River Basin are analyzed. The results show that during the period 1956-2010 in the Huaihe River Basin, annual maximum runoff at 10 stations have a decreasing trend, while the other 10 stations have an unobvious increasing trend. The maximum runoff events almost occurred in the flood period during the 1960s and 1970s. The extreme runoff events in the Huaihe River Basin mainly occurred in the mainstream of the Huaihe River, Huainan mountainous areas, and Funiu mountainous areas. Through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, GEV and GPD distributions can be well fitted with AM and POT series respectively. Percentile value method, mean ex- cess plot method and certain numbers of peaks over threshold method are used to select threshold, and it is found that percentile value method is the best of all for extreme runoff in the Huaihe River Basin.展开更多
To analyze extreme climatic change features and effects on runoff in the Manas River basin, Xinjiang, data were collected including daily mean temperature, daily highest and lowest temperatures, and daily precipitatio...To analyze extreme climatic change features and effects on runoff in the Manas River basin, Xinjiang, data were collected including daily mean temperature, daily highest and lowest temperatures, and daily precipitation from six meteorological stations in the Manas River basin as well as daily runoff data from the Kensiwate hydrologic stations during 1960-2010. By adopting the threshold value of extreme climatic events defined by ET ALDDMI and with the aid of nonparametric statistical tests, Pearson III methods, and others, the effect of extreme climatic events on extreme runoff in the past 50 years in the Manas River basin, Xinjiang, was analyzed. The results showed that in the past 50 years, 1) extreme warming events (annual extreme maximum temperature, warm-day and warm-night index) have risen significantly (P < 0.05). Among these the warm-day and warm-night indices decreased abruptly in 2001 and 1996, respectively. With respect to extreme cold events (annual extreme minimum temperature, cold-day and cold-night indices), the extreme minimum temperature was high after 1976, and the cold-day index weakened significantly, similar to the cold-night index. 2) Except for the continuous drought days (CDD), the other five indices of extreme precipitation events appeared to trend upward, with an abrupt change around 1993. 3) Flood events in 1990, mostly in summer, accounted for 42.9% of the total number of floods since 1960. Floods increased mainly because extremely high summer temperatures increased snowmelt, increasing inflow to the rivers, which combined with more precipitation to cause the increase in summer peak flood discharge.展开更多
文摘以淮河流域蚌埠闸以上20个水文站点1956-2010年日径流量观测数据资料为基础,采用游程检验、趋势检验和Mann-Kendall检验法分析年最大日径流量的变化规律。分别采用年最大值法(annual maximum,AM)和超门限峰值法(peaks over threshold,POT)抽取径流序列样本,运用广义极值分布(generalized extreme value distribution,GEV)和广义帕累托分布(generalized Pareto distribution,GPD)两种极值统计模型对规范化样本进行拟合,分析淮河流域极端径流的时空变化规律。研究表明:1956-2010年,淮河流域蚌埠闸以上的研究站点中,10个站点的年最大日径流量有减少的趋势,另外10个站点有不显著的增加趋势。极端径流事件大多发生在20世纪60、70年代,且以汛期居多。淮河流域的极端径流主要来自淮河干流、淮南山区和伏牛山区。使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)法检验发现,GEV和GPD分布分别能较好的拟合AM和POT序列。采用百分位阈值法、平均超出量函数图法和超定量洪峰法三种方法选取阈值,对于淮河流域的极端径流事件模拟而言,百分位阈值法较好。
基金National Basic Research Program of China, No.2010CB428406The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, No.20102060201000066
文摘Based on the daily runoff data from 20 hydrological stations above the Bengbu Sluice in the Huaihe River Basin during 1956-2010, run test, trend test and Mann-Kendall test are used to analyze the variation trend of annual maximum runoff series. The annual maximum series （AM） and peaks over threshold series （POT） are selected to describe the extreme distributions of generalized extreme value distribution （GEV） and generalized Pareto distri- bution （GPD）. Temporal and spatial variations of extreme runoff in the Huaihe River Basin are analyzed. The results show that during the period 1956-2010 in the Huaihe River Basin, annual maximum runoff at 10 stations have a decreasing trend, while the other 10 stations have an unobvious increasing trend. The maximum runoff events almost occurred in the flood period during the 1960s and 1970s. The extreme runoff events in the Huaihe River Basin mainly occurred in the mainstream of the Huaihe River, Huainan mountainous areas, and Funiu mountainous areas. Through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, GEV and GPD distributions can be well fitted with AM and POT series respectively. Percentile value method, mean ex- cess plot method and certain numbers of peaks over threshold method are used to select threshold, and it is found that percentile value method is the best of all for extreme runoff in the Huaihe River Basin.
文摘To analyze extreme climatic change features and effects on runoff in the Manas River basin, Xinjiang, data were collected including daily mean temperature, daily highest and lowest temperatures, and daily precipitation from six meteorological stations in the Manas River basin as well as daily runoff data from the Kensiwate hydrologic stations during 1960-2010. By adopting the threshold value of extreme climatic events defined by ET ALDDMI and with the aid of nonparametric statistical tests, Pearson III methods, and others, the effect of extreme climatic events on extreme runoff in the past 50 years in the Manas River basin, Xinjiang, was analyzed. The results showed that in the past 50 years, 1) extreme warming events (annual extreme maximum temperature, warm-day and warm-night index) have risen significantly (P < 0.05). Among these the warm-day and warm-night indices decreased abruptly in 2001 and 1996, respectively. With respect to extreme cold events (annual extreme minimum temperature, cold-day and cold-night indices), the extreme minimum temperature was high after 1976, and the cold-day index weakened significantly, similar to the cold-night index. 2) Except for the continuous drought days (CDD), the other five indices of extreme precipitation events appeared to trend upward, with an abrupt change around 1993. 3) Flood events in 1990, mostly in summer, accounted for 42.9% of the total number of floods since 1960. Floods increased mainly because extremely high summer temperatures increased snowmelt, increasing inflow to the rivers, which combined with more precipitation to cause the increase in summer peak flood discharge.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52079026)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC3201100)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41830863 and 61976044)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2020YFH0037)the Belt and Road Fund on Water and Sustainability of the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology–Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering(2019nkzd02)the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin(IWHR-SKL-201911)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(ZYGX2019Z014)。
文摘径流预报对防洪具有重要意义。然而,由于径流过程的复杂性和随机性,对日径流量进行准确预测是困难的,尤其是对峰值径流量的预测。为了解决这一问题,本研究提出了一种用于径流预测的增强型长短期记忆(LSTM)模型,其中引入了新的损失函数并集成了特征提取器。设计了峰值误差tanh(peak error tanh,PET)和峰值误差swish(peak error swish,PES)两个损失函数,增强了峰值径流预测的重要性,弱化了正常径流预测的权重。为每个气象站建立由3个LSTM网络组成的特征提取器,目的是提取每个气象站输入数据的时间特征。以中国淮河上游为例,利用增强型LSTM模型对1960—2016年的日径流量进行了预测。结果表明,改进后的LSTM模型表现良好,在验证期内(2005年11月至2016年12月),Nash-Sutcliffe效率(NSE)系数在0.917-0.924之间,优于广泛使用的集总水文模型(Australian Water Balance model(AWBM)、Sacramento、Sim Hyd和Tank模型)和数据驱动模型(人工神经网络(ANN)、支持向量回归(SVR)和门控循环单元(GRU))。以PES为损失函数的增强型LSTM对洪水极端径流的预测效果最好,平均NSE为0.873。此外,海拔较高的气象站降水对径流预测的贡献比最近的气象站更大。该研究为流域日径流预测提供了有效工具,有利于流域防洪和水安全管理。
