As power to gas(P2 G) technology gradually matures, the coupling between electricity networks and natural gas networks should ideally evolve synergistically.With the intent of characterizing market behaviors of integr...As power to gas(P2 G) technology gradually matures, the coupling between electricity networks and natural gas networks should ideally evolve synergistically.With the intent of characterizing market behaviors of integrated electric power and natural gas networks(IPGNs)with P2 G facilities, this paper establishes a steady-state model of P2 G and constructs optimal dispatch models of an electricity network and a natural gas network separately. In addition, a concept of slack energy flow(SEF) is proposed as a tool for coordinated optimal dispatch between the two networks. To study how the market pricing mechanism affects coordinated optimal dispatch in an IPGN, a market equilibrium-solving model for an IPGN is constructed according to game theory, with a solution based on the Nikaido-Isoda function. Case studies are conducted on a joint model that combines the modified IEEE 118-node electricity network and the Belgian 20-node gas network.The results show that if the game between an electric power company and a natural gas company reaches market equilibrium, not only can both companies maximize their profits, but also the coordinated operation of the coupling units, i.e., gas turbines and P2 G facilities, will contribute more to renewable energy utilization and carbon emission reduction.展开更多
China s grain sectors have faced unprecedented challenges in recent years as the ever-increasing and historically high level of grain output has failed to reduce grain imports. On the contrary, high grain imports and ...China s grain sectors have faced unprecedented challenges in recent years as the ever-increasing and historically high level of grain output has failed to reduce grain imports. On the contrary, high grain imports and high domestic stock have accompanied historically high domestic output, a situation dubbed the "triple high" phenomenon in current policy discussion. This paper explores the role of widening domestic-world market price gaps in determining the triple high phenomenon.Unlike earlier studies that relied on production capacities, this paper argues that domestic production and demand (hence imports) are functions of domestic and world market prices and proposes an analytical framework to explicitly capture such price gaps under restricted trade linkages in general equilibrium. Following this approach, a set of price scenarios for the 2011-2020 period are constructed and simulated in a computable general equilibrium model. Results from the core scenarios, in which recent domestic and world market price trends are assumed to continue, suggest that further widening price gaps would substantially increase grain imports and reduce domestic output (by 60 million tons) and self-sufficiency ratios from base levels. In the alternative scenarios with larger (smaller) price gaps, we find higher (lower) imports and larger (smaller) decreases in domestic output and self-sufficiency ratios. Such results provide important policy implications as China's agricultural policy undergoes significant adjustment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51377060)the Major Consulting Program of Chinese Academy of Engineering(No.2015-ZD-09-09)
文摘As power to gas(P2 G) technology gradually matures, the coupling between electricity networks and natural gas networks should ideally evolve synergistically.With the intent of characterizing market behaviors of integrated electric power and natural gas networks(IPGNs)with P2 G facilities, this paper establishes a steady-state model of P2 G and constructs optimal dispatch models of an electricity network and a natural gas network separately. In addition, a concept of slack energy flow(SEF) is proposed as a tool for coordinated optimal dispatch between the two networks. To study how the market pricing mechanism affects coordinated optimal dispatch in an IPGN, a market equilibrium-solving model for an IPGN is constructed according to game theory, with a solution based on the Nikaido-Isoda function. Case studies are conducted on a joint model that combines the modified IEEE 118-node electricity network and the Belgian 20-node gas network.The results show that if the game between an electric power company and a natural gas company reaches market equilibrium, not only can both companies maximize their profits, but also the coordinated operation of the coupling units, i.e., gas turbines and P2 G facilities, will contribute more to renewable energy utilization and carbon emission reduction.
基金Zhu and Li acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.71803085 and No.71673142)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2017M621766)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.KJQN201949)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘China s grain sectors have faced unprecedented challenges in recent years as the ever-increasing and historically high level of grain output has failed to reduce grain imports. On the contrary, high grain imports and high domestic stock have accompanied historically high domestic output, a situation dubbed the "triple high" phenomenon in current policy discussion. This paper explores the role of widening domestic-world market price gaps in determining the triple high phenomenon.Unlike earlier studies that relied on production capacities, this paper argues that domestic production and demand (hence imports) are functions of domestic and world market prices and proposes an analytical framework to explicitly capture such price gaps under restricted trade linkages in general equilibrium. Following this approach, a set of price scenarios for the 2011-2020 period are constructed and simulated in a computable general equilibrium model. Results from the core scenarios, in which recent domestic and world market price trends are assumed to continue, suggest that further widening price gaps would substantially increase grain imports and reduce domestic output (by 60 million tons) and self-sufficiency ratios from base levels. In the alternative scenarios with larger (smaller) price gaps, we find higher (lower) imports and larger (smaller) decreases in domestic output and self-sufficiency ratios. Such results provide important policy implications as China's agricultural policy undergoes significant adjustment.
