Based on the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) criteria,105 pullout specimens were tested to investigate the effect of different rib geometries on bond strength of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars embed...Based on the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) criteria,105 pullout specimens were tested to investigate the effect of different rib geometries on bond strength of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars embedded in concrete. Two kinds of conventional reinforcing rebars were also studied for comparison. Each rebar was embedded in a 150 mm concrete cube,with the embedded length being four times the rebar diameter. The experimental parameters were the rebar type,rebar component,rebar diameter,rebar surface texture,rib height,rib spacing and rib width. Theoretical analysis was also carried out to explain the experimental phenomena and results. The experimental and theoretical results indicated that the bond strength of GFRP rebars was about 13%～35% lower than that of steel rebars. The bond strength and bond-slip behavior of the specially machined rebars varied with the rebar type,rebar diameter,rebar surface texture,rib height,rib spacing and rib width. Using the results,design recom-mendations were made concerning optimum rib geometries of GFRP ribbed rebars with superior bond-slip characteristics,which concluded that the optimal rib spacing of ribbed rebars is the same as the rebar diameter,and that the optimal rib height is 6% of the rebar diameter.展开更多
Based on the Canadian Standards Association(CSA) criterion,experiments on 30 pull-out specimens were conducted to study the bond strength of deformed GFRP rebars with 8 different surface configurations.Each rebar was ...Based on the Canadian Standards Association(CSA) criterion,experiments on 30 pull-out specimens were conducted to study the bond strength of deformed GFRP rebars with 8 different surface configurations.Each rebar was embedded in a 150 mm concrete cube,and the test embedded length was four times of the rebar diameter.Relationship between the mode of failure,the average bond strength and the average bond strength-slip for each rebar was analyzed.Results show that the failure mode of all specimens is the shearing off or desquamation of ribs,no splitting cracks appear on the cube specimens.The bond stress of deformed GFRP rebars mainly depends on the mechanical interaction between the ribs of the bar and the surrounding concrete,and the bond strength of deformed GFRP rebars is improved obviously.The optimal rib spacing is less than 2.5 times of the rebar diameter,and the rib height is more than 3% of the rebar diameter.展开更多
Crystal structure of the levocloperastine fendizoate （C80H76Cl2N2O10, C20H25ClNO＋· C20H13O4-） has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is of triclinic system, space group P1 with a ...Crystal structure of the levocloperastine fendizoate （C80H76Cl2N2O10, C20H25ClNO＋· C20H13O4-） has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is of triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 10.1059（18）, b = 11.957（2）, c = 15.383（3） , α = 104.666（2）, β = 90.9700（10）, γ = 110.744（2）°, Z = 1, V = 1670.0（5） 3, Dc = 1.289 g/cm3, F（000） = 684, μ（MoKα） = 0.161 mm-1, Mr = 1296.33, the final R = 0.0343 and wR = 0.0676. The cations and anions are linked by the COO…NH hydrogen bonds of 2.709（3） and 2.690（3） and COO…OH hydrogen bonds of 2.632（3） and 2.631（3） . The configuration of the only one chiral carbon atom in this compound is R（rectus）.展开更多
The question "why are the variation trends of R-X bond dissociation energy different?" is answered. The R-X bond dissociation energy (BDE) may be influenced by three main factors: the C-X intrinsic bond ener...The question "why are the variation trends of R-X bond dissociation energy different?" is answered. The R-X bond dissociation energy (BDE) may be influenced by three main factors: the C-X intrinsic bond energy, the 1,3 geminal repulsion, and the intramolecular charge-induced dipole. In the presence of atom X, the variation trend of BDE in R-X (R= Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu) is dominated by two factors, the 1,3 geminal repulsion and the intramolecular charge-induced dipole. The former decreases the R-X BDE, and the latter either increases or decreases the R-X BDE. For the series of R-X with the R-C bond (such as R-Me, R-CH == CH2, R-C≡CH, and R-CN), the 1,3 geminal repulsion decreases the R-X BDE, and the variation trends of R-C BDE decrease from Me to t-Bu. As regards the series of R-X (such as R-H, R-BH2, and R-SiH2) in which the electronegativity of atom X is smaller than that of the carbon atom, the above two factors decrease the R-X BDE, and the variation trends of the R-X BDE decrease from Me to t-Bu. As to the series of R-X (such as R-F, R-OH, R-Cl, R-Br, R-I, and R-NH2) in which the electronegativity of atom X is larger than that of the carbon atom, the 1,3 geminal repulsion decreases the R-X BDE, while the intramolecular charge-induced dipole increases the R-X BDE. In this case, the variation trends of R-X BDE depend on the competition of the two factors. As a result, some of them (e. g., R-F, R-OH) increase from Me to t-Bu, some (e. g., R-I) decrease from Me to t-Bu, and some (e. g., R-Br) change very little.展开更多
Configuration interaction tenichque is applied to the valence bond theory. Virtual VB orbitals are built, which are localized and orthogonal to their corresponding occupied orbitals and the excited VB structures are d...Configuration interaction tenichque is applied to the valence bond theory. Virtual VB orbitals are built, which are localized and orthogonal to their corresponding occupied orbitals and the excited VB structures are defined, which come from their corresponding fundamental VB structures. The testing calculations of H 2, LiH, HF show that the VB results using CI method match those of the molecular orbital based on the coupled cluster CCSD method, and the CI technique may become a useful tool in VB method.展开更多
基金Project (No. 200431882021) supported by the Western Communi-cation Construction and Science & Technological Project,China
文摘Based on the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) criteria,105 pullout specimens were tested to investigate the effect of different rib geometries on bond strength of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars embedded in concrete. Two kinds of conventional reinforcing rebars were also studied for comparison. Each rebar was embedded in a 150 mm concrete cube,with the embedded length being four times the rebar diameter. The experimental parameters were the rebar type,rebar component,rebar diameter,rebar surface texture,rib height,rib spacing and rib width. Theoretical analysis was also carried out to explain the experimental phenomena and results. The experimental and theoretical results indicated that the bond strength of GFRP rebars was about 13%～35% lower than that of steel rebars. The bond strength and bond-slip behavior of the specially machined rebars varied with the rebar type,rebar diameter,rebar surface texture,rib height,rib spacing and rib width. Using the results,design recom-mendations were made concerning optimum rib geometries of GFRP ribbed rebars with superior bond-slip characteristics,which concluded that the optimal rib spacing of ribbed rebars is the same as the rebar diameter,and that the optimal rib height is 6% of the rebar diameter.
基金Sponsored by the Western Communication Construction and Science & Technological Project(Grant No.200431882021)the National Science Fundfor Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No.50525823)
文摘Based on the Canadian Standards Association(CSA) criterion,experiments on 30 pull-out specimens were conducted to study the bond strength of deformed GFRP rebars with 8 different surface configurations.Each rebar was embedded in a 150 mm concrete cube,and the test embedded length was four times of the rebar diameter.Relationship between the mode of failure,the average bond strength and the average bond strength-slip for each rebar was analyzed.Results show that the failure mode of all specimens is the shearing off or desquamation of ribs,no splitting cracks appear on the cube specimens.The bond stress of deformed GFRP rebars mainly depends on the mechanical interaction between the ribs of the bar and the surrounding concrete,and the bond strength of deformed GFRP rebars is improved obviously.The optimal rib spacing is less than 2.5 times of the rebar diameter,and the rib height is more than 3% of the rebar diameter.
文摘Crystal structure of the levocloperastine fendizoate （C80H76Cl2N2O10, C20H25ClNO＋· C20H13O4-） has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is of triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 10.1059（18）, b = 11.957（2）, c = 15.383（3） , α = 104.666（2）, β = 90.9700（10）, γ = 110.744（2）°, Z = 1, V = 1670.0（5） 3, Dc = 1.289 g/cm3, F（000） = 684, μ（MoKα） = 0.161 mm-1, Mr = 1296.33, the final R = 0.0343 and wR = 0.0676. The cations and anions are linked by the COO…NH hydrogen bonds of 2.709（3） and 2.690（3） and COO…OH hydrogen bonds of 2.632（3） and 2.631（3） . The configuration of the only one chiral carbon atom in this compound is R（rectus）.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 20772028)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (Grant No. 06JJ2002)Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Simulation of Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology
文摘The question "why are the variation trends of R-X bond dissociation energy different?" is answered. The R-X bond dissociation energy (BDE) may be influenced by three main factors: the C-X intrinsic bond energy, the 1,3 geminal repulsion, and the intramolecular charge-induced dipole. In the presence of atom X, the variation trend of BDE in R-X (R= Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu) is dominated by two factors, the 1,3 geminal repulsion and the intramolecular charge-induced dipole. The former decreases the R-X BDE, and the latter either increases or decreases the R-X BDE. For the series of R-X with the R-C bond (such as R-Me, R-CH == CH2, R-C≡CH, and R-CN), the 1,3 geminal repulsion decreases the R-X BDE, and the variation trends of R-C BDE decrease from Me to t-Bu. As regards the series of R-X (such as R-H, R-BH2, and R-SiH2) in which the electronegativity of atom X is smaller than that of the carbon atom, the above two factors decrease the R-X BDE, and the variation trends of the R-X BDE decrease from Me to t-Bu. As to the series of R-X (such as R-F, R-OH, R-Cl, R-Br, R-I, and R-NH2) in which the electronegativity of atom X is larger than that of the carbon atom, the 1,3 geminal repulsion decreases the R-X BDE, while the intramolecular charge-induced dipole increases the R-X BDE. In this case, the variation trends of R-X BDE depend on the competition of the two factors. As a result, some of them (e. g., R-F, R-OH) increase from Me to t-Bu, some (e. g., R-I) decrease from Me to t-Bu, and some (e. g., R-Br) change very little.
文摘Configuration interaction tenichque is applied to the valence bond theory. Virtual VB orbitals are built, which are localized and orthogonal to their corresponding occupied orbitals and the excited VB structures are defined, which come from their corresponding fundamental VB structures. The testing calculations of H 2, LiH, HF show that the VB results using CI method match those of the molecular orbital based on the coupled cluster CCSD method, and the CI technique may become a useful tool in VB method.
