This paper presents experimental and computational studies on the flow behavior of a gas-solid fluidized bed with disparately sized binary particle mixtures. The mixing/segregation behavior and segregation efficiency ...This paper presents experimental and computational studies on the flow behavior of a gas-solid fluidized bed with disparately sized binary particle mixtures. The mixing/segregation behavior and segregation efficiency of the small and large particles are investigated experimentally. Particle composition and operating conditions that influence the fluidization behavior of mixing/segregation are examined. Based on the granular kinetics theory, a multi-fluid CFD model has been developed and verified against the experimental results. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. The results showed that the smaller particles are found near the bed surface while the larger particles tend to settle down to the bed bottom in turbulent fluidized bed. However, complete segregation of the binary particles does not occur in the gas velocity range of 0.695-0.904 m/s. Segregation efficiency increases with increasing gas velocity and mean residence time of the binary particles, but decreases with increasing the small particle concentration. The calculated results also show that the small particles move downward in the wall region and upward in the core. Due to the effect of large particles on the movement of small particles, the small particles present a more turbulent velocity profile in the dense phase than that in the dilute phase.展开更多
In gas fluidization processes involving different types of particles,the mixing or segregation behavior of the solid mixture is crucial to the overall outcome of the process.This study develops a model to predict the ...In gas fluidization processes involving different types of particles,the mixing or segregation behavior of the solid mixture is crucial to the overall outcome of the process.This study develops a model to predict the segregation directions of binary mixtures of Geldart B particles with density and size differences in bubbling fluidized beds.The proposed model was established by combining the particle segregation model,a previous particle segregation model,with a derived bed voidage equation of the bubbling fluidization based on the two-phase theory.The model was then analyzed with different function graphs of the model equations under various conditions.The results indicated that an increase in gas velocity or volume fraction of larger particles would strengthen size segregation,causing the larger and less dense components to descend.To validate the model,42 sets of data collected from 6 independent literature sources were compared with the predictions of the model.When the gas velocities were below 3.2 times the minimum gas velocity,the predictions were consistent with experimental results.This study has shed new light on the mechanisms of particle segregation in binary fluidized systems and provides a theoretical foundation for designing and manipulating gas-solid fluidized reactors.展开更多
The magnetic stabilization flow regime could also be created forGeldart-Bnonmagnetizable particles pro-vided some magnetizable particles are introduced and the magnetic field is applied.This study aimed toexplore the ...The magnetic stabilization flow regime could also be created forGeldart-Bnonmagnetizable particles pro-vided some magnetizable particles are introduced and the magnetic field is applied.This study aimed toexplore the size(d_(pM))and density(ρ_(pM))effects of magnetizable particles on its operating range.The upperlimit(Umb;)could not be determined from the △P_(b)-U_(g)↓curve but could from analyzing the variation of △P_(b)-fluctuation with increasing U_(g).Due to the variation of U_(mfH)(lower limit)with d_(pM) and ppw,both U_(mbH)-U_(mfH) and(U_(mbH)-U_(mfH))/U_(mfH) were used to quantify the operating range of magnetic stabilization.U_(mbH)-U_(mfH) varied hardly with ρ_(pM) but increased significantly with decreasing ρ_(pM).(U_(mbH)-U_(mfH))/U_(mfH)increased as d_(pM) or ρ_(pM) decreased.lt was more difficult for the nonmagnetizable particles to escape fromthe network formed by the smaller/lighter magnetizable particles.For the same magnitude of change,dp had a stronger effect than ρ_(pM) on(U_(mbH)-U_(mfH))/U_(mfH).Neither U_(mbH)-U_(mfH) nor(U_(mbH)-U_(mfH):)/Uma variedmonotonously with the minimum fluidization velocity of the magnetizable particles,indicating that nostraightforward criterion for matching the magnetizable particles to the given nonmagnetizable particlescould be established based on their minimum fluidization velocities to maximize the operating range ofmagnetic stabilization.展开更多
A particle-particle(p-p)drag model is extended to cohesive particle flow by introducing solid surface energy to characterize cohesive collision energy loss.The effects of the proportion of cohesive particles on the mi...A particle-particle(p-p)drag model is extended to cohesive particle flow by introducing solid surface energy to characterize cohesive collision energy loss.The effects of the proportion of cohesive particles on the mixing of binary particles were numerically investigated with the use of a Eulerian multiphase flow model incorporating the p-p drag model.The bed expansion,mixing,and segregation of Geldart-A and C particles were simulated with varying superficial velocities and Geldart-C particle proportions,from which we found that the p-p drag model can reasonably predict bed expansion of binary particles.Two segregation types of jetsam-mixture-flotsam and mixture-flotsam processes were observed during the fluidization processes for the Geldart-A and C binary particle system.The mixing processes of the binary particle system can be divided into three scales:macro-scale mixing,meso-scale mixing,and micro-scale mixing.At a constant superficial velocity the optimal mixing was observed for a certain cohesive particle proportion.展开更多
Adding a moving baffle to the drum is a new way to enhance the motion and mixing of particles in rotating drums.To obtain its influence on binary particles,horizontal rotating drums provided with a moving baffle were ...Adding a moving baffle to the drum is a new way to enhance the motion and mixing of particles in rotating drums.To obtain its influence on binary particles,horizontal rotating drums provided with a moving baffle were investigated by discrete element method(DEM).AtΩ=15 r/min,increasing the length of moving baffle can increase the fluctuation amplitude of average particle velocity.AtΩ=60 r/min,the influence of the moving baffle on the average velocity fluctuation tends to be more random.At both rotational speeds,the moving baffle causes the average particle velocity to fluctuate more sharply.The moving baffle can enhance particle mixing.AtΩ=15 r/min,the moving baffle with length ofδ=1/3 can best enhance particle mixing.However,atΩ=60 r/min,only the moving baffle with a specific length(δ=1/4)can enhance mixing.This basic research has a positive reference value for the application of the moving baffle in industry.展开更多
The objective of the present article is to explain how all the chemical elements were formed from the big bang generated element: hydrogen. The methodology used was to analyze the main cosmological and astrophysical p...The objective of the present article is to explain how all the chemical elements were formed from the big bang generated element: hydrogen. The methodology used was to analyze the main cosmological and astrophysical processes in order to explain the origin of all the known chemical elements. The main results are: Hydrogen cannot be formed in any part of the actual universe;it must come from the Big Bang. Helium and a little bit of lithium can have a cosmological origin associated to the Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the recombination process. The elements with an atomic number between 3 and 26 were, and continue to be, synthetized by </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">nuclear fusion reactions inside the core of massive stars and liberated by explosion when the stars go supernovae, at the end of their lives. In the process of going supernova, elements with a medium atomic number, between 27 and 40, are created. All the elements with an atomic number larger than 40 were generated by neutron star collisions. When Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer designed an ordered arrangement of chemical elements, their tables included the 63 chemical elements known in 1869. A century and a half later, the known elements are 118. By studying different topics related to the elements, it was possible to uncover fundamental particles, such as quarks and leptons, and the strong and weak nuclear forces that form the baryonic part of the universe. The Sun was formed 6000 million years ago and its planets, including earth, were formed 4600 million years ago when and where there were debris of different stars that went supernova, in particular 1A type, and also debris, of at least one of a binary neutron star collision, so to attain, all the elements that have been identified in the solar system, and especially in earth. In addition, the current “periodic table” includes 26 synthetic elements that were produced in neutron star collisions but, because of their short lifetimes, they are not found, on earth. The vast quanti展开更多
基金The authors acknowledge support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China through the programs “Multiple scale analysis and scaling-up of direct coupled dual gas-solid fiuidized reaction systems” （Grant No. 20490202）； “Fundamental Research on the Chemical Engineering of Heavy Oil Staged Separation” （Grant No. 20525621）；“Simulation on transfer and coking processes in disengagers of resid fluid catalytic cracking units” （Grant No. 20406013）；the National Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China （Grant No. 20725620）.
文摘This paper presents experimental and computational studies on the flow behavior of a gas-solid fluidized bed with disparately sized binary particle mixtures. The mixing/segregation behavior and segregation efficiency of the small and large particles are investigated experimentally. Particle composition and operating conditions that influence the fluidization behavior of mixing/segregation are examined. Based on the granular kinetics theory, a multi-fluid CFD model has been developed and verified against the experimental results. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. The results showed that the smaller particles are found near the bed surface while the larger particles tend to settle down to the bed bottom in turbulent fluidized bed. However, complete segregation of the binary particles does not occur in the gas velocity range of 0.695-0.904 m/s. Segregation efficiency increases with increasing gas velocity and mean residence time of the binary particles, but decreases with increasing the small particle concentration. The calculated results also show that the small particles move downward in the wall region and upward in the core. Due to the effect of large particles on the movement of small particles, the small particles present a more turbulent velocity profile in the dense phase than that in the dilute phase.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.52274275)the Graduate Research and Innovation Projects of Jiangsu Province(grant No.KYCX22_2640)the Graduate Innovation Program of China University of Mining and Technology(grant No.2022WLKXJ065).
文摘In gas fluidization processes involving different types of particles,the mixing or segregation behavior of the solid mixture is crucial to the overall outcome of the process.This study develops a model to predict the segregation directions of binary mixtures of Geldart B particles with density and size differences in bubbling fluidized beds.The proposed model was established by combining the particle segregation model,a previous particle segregation model,with a derived bed voidage equation of the bubbling fluidization based on the two-phase theory.The model was then analyzed with different function graphs of the model equations under various conditions.The results indicated that an increase in gas velocity or volume fraction of larger particles would strengthen size segregation,causing the larger and less dense components to descend.To validate the model,42 sets of data collected from 6 independent literature sources were compared with the predictions of the model.When the gas velocities were below 3.2 times the minimum gas velocity,the predictions were consistent with experimental results.This study has shed new light on the mechanisms of particle segregation in binary fluidized systems and provides a theoretical foundation for designing and manipulating gas-solid fluidized reactors.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21808232).
文摘The magnetic stabilization flow regime could also be created forGeldart-Bnonmagnetizable particles pro-vided some magnetizable particles are introduced and the magnetic field is applied.This study aimed toexplore the size(d_(pM))and density(ρ_(pM))effects of magnetizable particles on its operating range.The upperlimit(Umb;)could not be determined from the △P_(b)-U_(g)↓curve but could from analyzing the variation of △P_(b)-fluctuation with increasing U_(g).Due to the variation of U_(mfH)(lower limit)with d_(pM) and ppw,both U_(mbH)-U_(mfH) and(U_(mbH)-U_(mfH))/U_(mfH) were used to quantify the operating range of magnetic stabilization.U_(mbH)-U_(mfH) varied hardly with ρ_(pM) but increased significantly with decreasing ρ_(pM).(U_(mbH)-U_(mfH))/U_(mfH)increased as d_(pM) or ρ_(pM) decreased.lt was more difficult for the nonmagnetizable particles to escape fromthe network formed by the smaller/lighter magnetizable particles.For the same magnitude of change,dp had a stronger effect than ρ_(pM) on(U_(mbH)-U_(mfH))/U_(mfH).Neither U_(mbH)-U_(mfH) nor(U_(mbH)-U_(mfH):)/Uma variedmonotonously with the minimum fluidization velocity of the magnetizable particles,indicating that nostraightforward criterion for matching the magnetizable particles to the given nonmagnetizable particlescould be established based on their minimum fluidization velocities to maximize the operating range ofmagnetic stabilization.
基金This work is currently supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China through contract No.51606153,91634109 and 2167060316Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2016JQ5101 and 2017JQ2018)Scien-tific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(No.14JK1729).
文摘A particle-particle(p-p)drag model is extended to cohesive particle flow by introducing solid surface energy to characterize cohesive collision energy loss.The effects of the proportion of cohesive particles on the mixing of binary particles were numerically investigated with the use of a Eulerian multiphase flow model incorporating the p-p drag model.The bed expansion,mixing,and segregation of Geldart-A and C particles were simulated with varying superficial velocities and Geldart-C particle proportions,from which we found that the p-p drag model can reasonably predict bed expansion of binary particles.Two segregation types of jetsam-mixture-flotsam and mixture-flotsam processes were observed during the fluidization processes for the Geldart-A and C binary particle system.The mixing processes of the binary particle system can be divided into three scales:macro-scale mixing,meso-scale mixing,and micro-scale mixing.At a constant superficial velocity the optimal mixing was observed for a certain cohesive particle proportion.
基金Project(51676032)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(IRT_17R19)supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University,China
文摘Adding a moving baffle to the drum is a new way to enhance the motion and mixing of particles in rotating drums.To obtain its influence on binary particles,horizontal rotating drums provided with a moving baffle were investigated by discrete element method(DEM).AtΩ=15 r/min,increasing the length of moving baffle can increase the fluctuation amplitude of average particle velocity.AtΩ=60 r/min,the influence of the moving baffle on the average velocity fluctuation tends to be more random.At both rotational speeds,the moving baffle causes the average particle velocity to fluctuate more sharply.The moving baffle can enhance particle mixing.AtΩ=15 r/min,the moving baffle with length ofδ=1/3 can best enhance particle mixing.However,atΩ=60 r/min,only the moving baffle with a specific length(δ=1/4)can enhance mixing.This basic research has a positive reference value for the application of the moving baffle in industry.
文摘The objective of the present article is to explain how all the chemical elements were formed from the big bang generated element: hydrogen. The methodology used was to analyze the main cosmological and astrophysical processes in order to explain the origin of all the known chemical elements. The main results are: Hydrogen cannot be formed in any part of the actual universe;it must come from the Big Bang. Helium and a little bit of lithium can have a cosmological origin associated to the Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the recombination process. The elements with an atomic number between 3 and 26 were, and continue to be, synthetized by </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:12px;">nuclear fusion reactions inside the core of massive stars and liberated by explosion when the stars go supernovae, at the end of their lives. In the process of going supernova, elements with a medium atomic number, between 27 and 40, are created. All the elements with an atomic number larger than 40 were generated by neutron star collisions. When Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer designed an ordered arrangement of chemical elements, their tables included the 63 chemical elements known in 1869. A century and a half later, the known elements are 118. By studying different topics related to the elements, it was possible to uncover fundamental particles, such as quarks and leptons, and the strong and weak nuclear forces that form the baryonic part of the universe. The Sun was formed 6000 million years ago and its planets, including earth, were formed 4600 million years ago when and where there were debris of different stars that went supernova, in particular 1A type, and also debris, of at least one of a binary neutron star collision, so to attain, all the elements that have been identified in the solar system, and especially in earth. In addition, the current “periodic table” includes 26 synthetic elements that were produced in neutron star collisions but, because of their short lifetimes, they are not found, on earth. The vast quanti
