Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection underlies gastric ulcer disease, gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer disease. The disease expression reflects the pattern and extent of gastritis/gastric atrophy (i.e., duodenal...Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection underlies gastric ulcer disease, gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer disease. The disease expression reflects the pattern and extent of gastritis/gastric atrophy (i.e., duodenal ulcer with non-atrophic and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer with atrophic gastritis). Gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer have been known for thousands of years. Ulcers are generally non-fatal and until the 20<sup>th</sup> century were difficult to diagnose. However, the presence and pattern of gastritis in past civilizations can be deduced based on the diseases present. It has been suggested that gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer both arose or became more frequent in Europe in the 19<sup>th</sup> century. Here, we show that gastric cancer and gastric ulcer were present throughout the 17<sup>th</sup> to 19<sup>th</sup> centuries consistent with atrophic gastritis being the predominant pattern, as it proved to be when it could be examined directly in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. The environment before the 20<sup>th</sup> century favored acquisition of H. pylori infection and atrophic gastritis (e.g., poor sanitation and standards of living, seasonal diets poor in fresh fruits and vegetables, especially in winter, vitamin deficiencies, and frequent febrile infections in childhood). The latter part of the 19<sup>th</sup> century saw improvements in standards of living, sanitation, and diets with a corresponding decrease in rate of development of atrophic gastritis allowing duodenal ulcers to become more prominent. In the early 20<sup>th</sup> century physician’s believed they could diagnose ulcers clinically and that the diagnosis required hospitalization for “surgical disease” or for “Sippy” diets. We show that while H. pylori remained common and virulent in Europe and the United States, environmental changes resulted in changes of the pattern of gastritis producing a change in the manifestations of H. pylori infections and subsequently to a rapi展开更多
The exact dating of Laozi and his work has long been a topic of scholarly interest.Since the 1920s,traditional views on Laozi’s dating have been widely questioned in both Chinese and Western academia.In the latter ha...The exact dating of Laozi and his work has long been a topic of scholarly interest.Since the 1920s,traditional views on Laozi’s dating have been widely questioned in both Chinese and Western academia.In the latter half of the 20th century,as the“Trust Antiquity”trend gradually emerged in Chinese academia,the view that“Laozi did not exist”became the most influential mainstream perspective in Western academia.This paper first reviews the process of unification and differentiation of opinions between Chinese and Western academia.Then,by analyzing and comparing representative papers from Chinese and Western scholars,it explores the reasons for the differences in mainstream opinions.Additionally,it briefly discusses the implications of these differences to provide insights for future research.展开更多
Through exploring and studying the rebuilding and protection planning of the Temple of YANG Shengan and Guihu Lake,the design principles and experience of rebuilding and protecting gardens of antiquity were summarized...Through exploring and studying the rebuilding and protection planning of the Temple of YANG Shengan and Guihu Lake,the design principles and experience of rebuilding and protecting gardens of antiquity were summarized,the effective approaches to integrate the rebuilding design and the protection of relics were explored and the suggestions for the protection and development of antiquity gardens were put forward.展开更多
基金Supported by In part by the Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service Department of Veterans Affairs,Public Health Service grants No.DK062813 and No.DK56338 which funds the Texas Medical Center Digestive Diseases Center
文摘Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection underlies gastric ulcer disease, gastric cancer and duodenal ulcer disease. The disease expression reflects the pattern and extent of gastritis/gastric atrophy (i.e., duodenal ulcer with non-atrophic and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer with atrophic gastritis). Gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancer have been known for thousands of years. Ulcers are generally non-fatal and until the 20<sup>th</sup> century were difficult to diagnose. However, the presence and pattern of gastritis in past civilizations can be deduced based on the diseases present. It has been suggested that gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer both arose or became more frequent in Europe in the 19<sup>th</sup> century. Here, we show that gastric cancer and gastric ulcer were present throughout the 17<sup>th</sup> to 19<sup>th</sup> centuries consistent with atrophic gastritis being the predominant pattern, as it proved to be when it could be examined directly in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. The environment before the 20<sup>th</sup> century favored acquisition of H. pylori infection and atrophic gastritis (e.g., poor sanitation and standards of living, seasonal diets poor in fresh fruits and vegetables, especially in winter, vitamin deficiencies, and frequent febrile infections in childhood). The latter part of the 19<sup>th</sup> century saw improvements in standards of living, sanitation, and diets with a corresponding decrease in rate of development of atrophic gastritis allowing duodenal ulcers to become more prominent. In the early 20<sup>th</sup> century physician’s believed they could diagnose ulcers clinically and that the diagnosis required hospitalization for “surgical disease” or for “Sippy” diets. We show that while H. pylori remained common and virulent in Europe and the United States, environmental changes resulted in changes of the pattern of gastritis producing a change in the manifestations of H. pylori infections and subsequently to a rapi
文摘The exact dating of Laozi and his work has long been a topic of scholarly interest.Since the 1920s,traditional views on Laozi’s dating have been widely questioned in both Chinese and Western academia.In the latter half of the 20th century,as the“Trust Antiquity”trend gradually emerged in Chinese academia,the view that“Laozi did not exist”became the most influential mainstream perspective in Western academia.This paper first reviews the process of unification and differentiation of opinions between Chinese and Western academia.Then,by analyzing and comparing representative papers from Chinese and Western scholars,it explores the reasons for the differences in mainstream opinions.Additionally,it briefly discusses the implications of these differences to provide insights for future research.
文摘Through exploring and studying the rebuilding and protection planning of the Temple of YANG Shengan and Guihu Lake,the design principles and experience of rebuilding and protecting gardens of antiquity were summarized,the effective approaches to integrate the rebuilding design and the protection of relics were explored and the suggestions for the protection and development of antiquity gardens were put forward.
