To analyze and estimate the environmental efficiency of China’s vegetable production. Methods The stochastic translog frontier model was used to estimate the technical efficiency of vegetable production. Based on...To analyze and estimate the environmental efficiency of China’s vegetable production. Methods The stochastic translog frontier model was used to estimate the technical efficiency of vegetable production. Based on the estimated frontier and technical inefficiency levels, we used the method developed by Reinhard, et al.[1] to estimate the environmental efficiency. Pesticide and chemical fertilizer inputs were treated as environmentally detrimental inputs. Results From estimated results, the mean environmental efficiency for pesticide input was 69.7%, indicating a great potential for reducing pesticide use in China’s vegetable production. In addition, substitution and output elasticities for vegetable farms were estimated to provide farmers with helpful information on how to reallocate input resources and improve efficiency. Conclusion There exists a great potential for reducing pesticide use in China’s vegetable production.展开更多
In Pakistan, maize accounts for 5.93 percent of the total cropped area and 4.82 percent of the value of agricultural production. Given high cost of the production, there is a belief that it is difficult to boost profi...In Pakistan, maize accounts for 5.93 percent of the total cropped area and 4.82 percent of the value of agricultural production. Given high cost of the production, there is a belief that it is difficult to boost profitability without enhancing use of pricey inputs. Maximum likelihood estimates of stochastic frontier model were estimated and determinants of technical efficiency were calculated. Using Cobb Douglas model estimated maximum likelihood coefficients for all inputs were significant and showed signs according to expectations. The evaluation with the different models gives different technical efficiencies, which shows that technical efficiency estimations are extremely sensitive to the functional form specified.展开更多
The study was designed to estimate the restricted profit function in district Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected from 100 respondents using proportional allocation sampling tech-nique. The analysis was ...The study was designed to estimate the restricted profit function in district Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected from 100 respondents using proportional allocation sampling tech-nique. The analysis was done using SHAZAM software. The results indicate that the farmers are price-responsive. Rice own price elasticity was 1.873. The output supply elasticity of rice with re-spect to education, land, fertilizer price and irrigation cost were 0.0.169, 1.274, -0.873 and -0.953 respectively. Irrigation demand elasticity with respect to education, land, fertilizer price, irrigation cost and output price were 0.14, 1.14, -0.783, -1.84 and 1.78 respectively. Fertilizer demand elasticity with respect to education, land, fertilizer price, irrigation cost and output price was 0.023, 0.792, -1.65, -0.85 and 1.851 respectively. Lastly, the elasticity of profit with respect to education, land, fertilizer price, irrigation cost and output price was 0.20, 1.10, -0.83, -1.136 and 1.92 respectively. The study recommends that Government should provide consistent electricity with stable rates, so that, they irrigate their fields through electric tube wells and ultimately their cost of irrigation decreases. The study also suggests that government should stabilized fertilizer prices to encourage its application. Furthermore, government should raise procurement price of rice to encourage its supply this;it in turn will also increase the profit of the farmer.展开更多
Using the method of systems engineering we estimate the economic value of water in industry and in agriculture of Shanxi and give some important suggestion to save water.
Energy intensity and elasticity,together with inter-fuel substitution are key issues in the current development stage of Ghana.Translog production and ridge regression are applied for studying these issues with a data...Energy intensity and elasticity,together with inter-fuel substitution are key issues in the current development stage of Ghana.Translog production and ridge regression are applied for studying these issues with a data range of 2000–2015.The current energy dynamics reveal the expected inverse relationship:higher energy intensity and lower elasticity with economic growth.There are evidences of energy-economic challenges:high energy cost,inefficiency and backfire rebound effect.The implications are higher energy losses in the system,more consumption of lower-quality energy together with low energy technology innovation.Energy is wasted and directly not productive with economic activities.It is observed further that the higher energy intensity invariably increases CO2 emission because approximately 95%of total energy is derived from hydrocarbons and biomass.An inter-fuel substitution future scenario design was further conducted and the results were positive with growth,lower energy intensity,and improved energy efficiency.Therefore,government and energy policymakers should improve energy efficiency,cost,and productiveness.That is,they should change energy compositions and augment energy technology innovation,thus,increasing renewable share to 15%by 2026,reducing wood and charcoal by about 69%,and increasing natural gas to about 776%.Energy policymakers should enhance the installation of smart energy,cloud energy solution,tokenization of energy system and storage.展开更多
This study considers measurement of technical efficiency of 250 public and privately owned textile companies in Iran.Two stochastic frontier production functions are used for this purpose.One assumes that firm charact...This study considers measurement of technical efficiency of 250 public and privately owned textile companies in Iran.Two stochastic frontier production functions are used for this purpose.One assumes that firm characteristics directly influence the degree of technical inefficiency while the other assumes that the technology plays a key role.Maximum likelihood method is used to estimate parameters of the models and predict technical efficiency for each enterprise.The results obtained when using these two models are compared.The sensitivity of efficiency measures with respect to different model specifications is also analyzed.Empirical results show that most of the enterprises are operating at high level of efficiencies.The overall mean efficiency is 86%,indicating that,on average,there is a potential for an increase of output by 14%.The result also shows that the public firms are operating more inefficiently than the private ones.展开更多
This research explores the question of how the three production factors, capital, labor, and land may impact the current level of cotton output on the Harran Plain, a major cotton production area in Turkey. The object...This research explores the question of how the three production factors, capital, labor, and land may impact the current level of cotton output on the Harran Plain, a major cotton production area in Turkey. The objective of this paper is to estimate a Translog production function and compare the results to those from a Cobb-Douglas specification. Nested tests we performed resulted in the conclusion that the constant returns to scale, weak separability and Cobb-Douglas hypotheses are all satisfied. Thus the Cobb-Douglas specification is a superior functional form yielding results more robust than those from the translog model. Dwelling on Cobb-Douglas estimation results, farm size is found the most influential variable determining cotton output, followed by the variable representing capital as the second influential. Results also demonstrate that the returns-to-scale parameter calculated for this sample is not statistically different from unity, suggesting that cotton production technology in this region exhibits constant returns to scale. This result is consistent with current literature findings that render support to an inverse relationship between farm size and productivity in developing countries.展开更多
The economic growth in Sub-Sahara African （SSA） IDB member countries has been encouraging over the last decade; however, it is still not high enough to enable these countries to overcome the persistent poverty. Ther...The economic growth in Sub-Sahara African （SSA） IDB member countries has been encouraging over the last decade; however, it is still not high enough to enable these countries to overcome the persistent poverty. There is thus a need to raise substantially real GDP growth rates on a sustained basis, both through the productivity channel and factor accumulation such as labor and capital. This study focuses on ＂the source of economic growth in SSA IDB member countries＂ with the objective of identifying the main driving factors of economic growth in the region using the growth accounting framework and extending the existing analysis both by country and time coverage. The paper is expected to be useful for the policymakers in the region to have a clear picture on the main sources of growth, and thus help them in identifying strategic reform areas of intervention in line with the most binding factors of growth. The data used in this study cover 20 Sub-Sahara African countries covering the period 1990-2012. The data set includes real GDP, labor force, and capital stock. The source of data is the various version of the World Economic Outlook, IMF. Capital stock is estimated using perpetual inventory method and the base year is 1970. In estimating growth accounting model, a translog production function is applied using panel data and random effects model. Empirical results show that the capital accumulation is the most important individual factor in GDP growth （52%） followed by workforce accumulation （39%） while total factor productivity （TFP） accounts for meagre 8%. This suggests that, on average, real GDP growth in Sub-Sahara African countries was driven primarily by factor accumulation with a low level of TFP. In addition, the elasticity of labor was lower than that of capital indicating that the labor played very little role in GDP growth most likely due to unskilled labor force or mismatch of labor skills with the production process. Furthermore, this also adversely affects both the TFP growth and 展开更多
文摘To analyze and estimate the environmental efficiency of China’s vegetable production. Methods The stochastic translog frontier model was used to estimate the technical efficiency of vegetable production. Based on the estimated frontier and technical inefficiency levels, we used the method developed by Reinhard, et al.[1] to estimate the environmental efficiency. Pesticide and chemical fertilizer inputs were treated as environmentally detrimental inputs. Results From estimated results, the mean environmental efficiency for pesticide input was 69.7%, indicating a great potential for reducing pesticide use in China’s vegetable production. In addition, substitution and output elasticities for vegetable farms were estimated to provide farmers with helpful information on how to reallocate input resources and improve efficiency. Conclusion There exists a great potential for reducing pesticide use in China’s vegetable production.
文摘In Pakistan, maize accounts for 5.93 percent of the total cropped area and 4.82 percent of the value of agricultural production. Given high cost of the production, there is a belief that it is difficult to boost profitability without enhancing use of pricey inputs. Maximum likelihood estimates of stochastic frontier model were estimated and determinants of technical efficiency were calculated. Using Cobb Douglas model estimated maximum likelihood coefficients for all inputs were significant and showed signs according to expectations. The evaluation with the different models gives different technical efficiencies, which shows that technical efficiency estimations are extremely sensitive to the functional form specified.
文摘The study was designed to estimate the restricted profit function in district Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected from 100 respondents using proportional allocation sampling tech-nique. The analysis was done using SHAZAM software. The results indicate that the farmers are price-responsive. Rice own price elasticity was 1.873. The output supply elasticity of rice with re-spect to education, land, fertilizer price and irrigation cost were 0.0.169, 1.274, -0.873 and -0.953 respectively. Irrigation demand elasticity with respect to education, land, fertilizer price, irrigation cost and output price were 0.14, 1.14, -0.783, -1.84 and 1.78 respectively. Fertilizer demand elasticity with respect to education, land, fertilizer price, irrigation cost and output price was 0.023, 0.792, -1.65, -0.85 and 1.851 respectively. Lastly, the elasticity of profit with respect to education, land, fertilizer price, irrigation cost and output price was 0.20, 1.10, -0.83, -1.136 and 1.92 respectively. The study recommends that Government should provide consistent electricity with stable rates, so that, they irrigate their fields through electric tube wells and ultimately their cost of irrigation decreases. The study also suggests that government should stabilized fertilizer prices to encourage its application. Furthermore, government should raise procurement price of rice to encourage its supply this;it in turn will also increase the profit of the farmer.
基金The project w as supported by the National Natural Science Foundati
文摘Using the method of systems engineering we estimate the economic value of water in industry and in agriculture of Shanxi and give some important suggestion to save water.
基金supported by Report Series from Ministry of Education of China(No.10JBG013)the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.17AZD013).
文摘Energy intensity and elasticity,together with inter-fuel substitution are key issues in the current development stage of Ghana.Translog production and ridge regression are applied for studying these issues with a data range of 2000–2015.The current energy dynamics reveal the expected inverse relationship:higher energy intensity and lower elasticity with economic growth.There are evidences of energy-economic challenges:high energy cost,inefficiency and backfire rebound effect.The implications are higher energy losses in the system,more consumption of lower-quality energy together with low energy technology innovation.Energy is wasted and directly not productive with economic activities.It is observed further that the higher energy intensity invariably increases CO2 emission because approximately 95%of total energy is derived from hydrocarbons and biomass.An inter-fuel substitution future scenario design was further conducted and the results were positive with growth,lower energy intensity,and improved energy efficiency.Therefore,government and energy policymakers should improve energy efficiency,cost,and productiveness.That is,they should change energy compositions and augment energy technology innovation,thus,increasing renewable share to 15%by 2026,reducing wood and charcoal by about 69%,and increasing natural gas to about 776%.Energy policymakers should enhance the installation of smart energy,cloud energy solution,tokenization of energy system and storage.
文摘This study considers measurement of technical efficiency of 250 public and privately owned textile companies in Iran.Two stochastic frontier production functions are used for this purpose.One assumes that firm characteristics directly influence the degree of technical inefficiency while the other assumes that the technology plays a key role.Maximum likelihood method is used to estimate parameters of the models and predict technical efficiency for each enterprise.The results obtained when using these two models are compared.The sensitivity of efficiency measures with respect to different model specifications is also analyzed.Empirical results show that most of the enterprises are operating at high level of efficiencies.The overall mean efficiency is 86%,indicating that,on average,there is a potential for an increase of output by 14%.The result also shows that the public firms are operating more inefficiently than the private ones.
文摘This research explores the question of how the three production factors, capital, labor, and land may impact the current level of cotton output on the Harran Plain, a major cotton production area in Turkey. The objective of this paper is to estimate a Translog production function and compare the results to those from a Cobb-Douglas specification. Nested tests we performed resulted in the conclusion that the constant returns to scale, weak separability and Cobb-Douglas hypotheses are all satisfied. Thus the Cobb-Douglas specification is a superior functional form yielding results more robust than those from the translog model. Dwelling on Cobb-Douglas estimation results, farm size is found the most influential variable determining cotton output, followed by the variable representing capital as the second influential. Results also demonstrate that the returns-to-scale parameter calculated for this sample is not statistically different from unity, suggesting that cotton production technology in this region exhibits constant returns to scale. This result is consistent with current literature findings that render support to an inverse relationship between farm size and productivity in developing countries.
文摘The economic growth in Sub-Sahara African （SSA） IDB member countries has been encouraging over the last decade; however, it is still not high enough to enable these countries to overcome the persistent poverty. There is thus a need to raise substantially real GDP growth rates on a sustained basis, both through the productivity channel and factor accumulation such as labor and capital. This study focuses on ＂the source of economic growth in SSA IDB member countries＂ with the objective of identifying the main driving factors of economic growth in the region using the growth accounting framework and extending the existing analysis both by country and time coverage. The paper is expected to be useful for the policymakers in the region to have a clear picture on the main sources of growth, and thus help them in identifying strategic reform areas of intervention in line with the most binding factors of growth. The data used in this study cover 20 Sub-Sahara African countries covering the period 1990-2012. The data set includes real GDP, labor force, and capital stock. The source of data is the various version of the World Economic Outlook, IMF. Capital stock is estimated using perpetual inventory method and the base year is 1970. In estimating growth accounting model, a translog production function is applied using panel data and random effects model. Empirical results show that the capital accumulation is the most important individual factor in GDP growth （52%） followed by workforce accumulation （39%） while total factor productivity （TFP） accounts for meagre 8%. This suggests that, on average, real GDP growth in Sub-Sahara African countries was driven primarily by factor accumulation with a low level of TFP. In addition, the elasticity of labor was lower than that of capital indicating that the labor played very little role in GDP growth most likely due to unskilled labor force or mismatch of labor skills with the production process. Furthermore, this also adversely affects both the TFP growth and
