The improvement of antibiotic rational use in China was studied by usage analysis of combination antibiotic therapy for type Ⅰ incisions in 244 hospitals. Five kinds of hospitals, including general hospital, maternit...The improvement of antibiotic rational use in China was studied by usage analysis of combination antibiotic therapy for type Ⅰ incisions in 244 hospitals. Five kinds of hospitals, including general hospital, maternity hospital, children＇s hospital, stomatological hospital and cancer hospital, from 30 provinces were surveyed. A systematic random sampling strategy was employed to select outpatient prescriptions and inpatient cases in 2011 and 2012. A total of 29 280 outpatient prescriptions and 73 200 inpatient cases from 244 hospitals in each year were analyzed. Data were collected with regards to the implementation of the national antibiotic stewardship program（NASP）, the overall usage and the prophylactic use of antibiotic for type Ⅰ incisions. Univariate analysis was used for microbiological diagnosis rate before antimicrobial therapy, prophylactic use of antibiotics for typeⅠincision operation, and so on. For multivariate analysis, the use of antibiotics was dichotomized according to the guidelines, and entered as binary values into logistic regression analysis. The results were compared with the corresponding criteria given by the guidelines of this campaign. The antibiotic stewardship in China was effective in that more than 80% of each kind of hospitals achieved the criteria of recommended antibiotics varieties. Hospital type appeared to be a factor statistically associated with stewardship outcome. The prophylactic use of antibiotics on type Ⅰ incision operations decreased by 16.22%（P〈0.05）. The usage of combination antibiotic therapy for type Ⅰ incisions was also decreased. Region and bed size were the main determinants on surgical prophylaxis for type Ⅰ incision. This national analysis of hospitals on antibiotic use and stewardship allows relevant comparisons for bench marking. More efforts addressing the root cause of antibiotics abuse would continue to improve the rational use of antibiotics in China.展开更多
The wolverine, Gulogulo, is an endangered species in China. This is the first report of the overall status of wolverines in China. The geographic distribution and population sizes of wolverines in the Greater Khingan ...The wolverine, Gulogulo, is an endangered species in China. This is the first report of the overall status of wolverines in China. The geographic distribution and population sizes of wolverines in the Greater Khingan and Altai Mountains were surveyed by line transect from1996–2000 and in 2011, respectively. We identified two geographically distinct groups in the Great Khingan Mountains, with a total population size of about 200 individuals throughout the region（approximately80,000 km^2）. Wolverines were also confirmed to be present in the Altai Mountains, where about 100 individuals occupied approximately 28,000 km^2 of mountain forest and tundra. Prey depletion and habitat loss, which are correlated with increasing human activities, are the main reasons for wolverine population declines in China.展开更多
In reptiles, habitat selection is the process whereby suitable habitat is selected that optimizes physiological functions and behavioral performance. Here, we used the brown forest skink（Sphenomorphus indicus） as a ...In reptiles, habitat selection is the process whereby suitable habitat is selected that optimizes physiological functions and behavioral performance. Here, we used the brown forest skink（Sphenomorphus indicus） as a model animal and examined whether the frequency of active individuals, environmental temperature, illumination of activity area, and habitat type vary with different age classes. We surveyed the number of active individuals and measured environmental variables at Baiyunshan Mountain in Lishui, Zhejiang, China. We found no difference in the activity frequency of adult and juvenile S. indicus; the activity pattern of active individuals was bimodal. The mean environmental temperature selected by adults was higher than that selected by juveniles. The environmental temperature of active areas measured at 0900-1000 h and 1100-1200 h was higher than at 1400-1500h; illumination of the active area at 1000-1200 h was also higher than at 1400h-1600 h. The number of active individuals, the environmental temperature and illumination of activity areas showed pairwise positive correlation. There was a difference in habitat type between juveniles and adults whereby juveniles prefer rock habitats. We predict that active S. indicus select optimal habitats with different environmental temperatures and types to reach the physiological needs particular to their age classes.展开更多
Introduction:For investigating the potential contaminations from the applications of nuclear energy and techniques,the radioactivity of both natural and artificial radionuclides in foods in China were surveyed during ...Introduction:For investigating the potential contaminations from the applications of nuclear energy and techniques,the radioactivity of both natural and artificial radionuclides in foods in China were surveyed during the period of 2012–2019,and the public’s exposure to radiation due to the consumption of these foods were estimated.Methods:The surveillance was conducted using the National Monitoring Network for Radioactivity in Food from 2012 to 2019.Food samples were collected,and radioactivity was determined using HPGe gammaray spectrometer by local institutes.Results:From 2012 to 2019,a total of 6,129 food samples including those collected around nuclear power plants and uranium mines were collected and analyzed,and no samples with activity concentrations of 238U,228Ra,226Ra,40K,or 137Cs were found to exceed Chinese national standards.Among the 7 types of surveyed foods,the natural radionuclide levels of tea and seaweed were relatively high,and the activity concentration of 137Cs in milk and dairy products was higher than that of other foods.Conclusions and Implications for Public Health Practice:The results of all the surveyed samples were within the scope of Chinese national standards.Different regions should improve monitoring systems,establish corresponding food emergency warning systems,and prepare strategies and measures for handling public health accidents.展开更多
We studied the influence of surveyed area size on density estimates by means of camera-trapping in a low-density felid population(1-2 individuals/100 km^(2)).We applied non-spatial capture-recapture(CR)and spatial CR(...We studied the influence of surveyed area size on density estimates by means of camera-trapping in a low-density felid population(1-2 individuals/100 km^(2)).We applied non-spatial capture-recapture(CR)and spatial CR(SCR)models for Eurasian lynx during winter 2005/2006 in the northwestern Swiss Alps by sampling an area divided into 5 nested plots ranging from 65 to 760 km^(2).CR model density estimates(95%CI)for models M_(0)and M_(h)decreased from 2.61(1.55-3.68)and 3.6(1.62-5.57)independent lynx/100 km^(2),respectively,in the smallest to 1.20(1.04-1.35)and 1.26(0.89-1.63)independent lynx/100 km^(2),respectively,in the largest area surveyed.SCR model density estimates also decreased with increasing sampling area but not significantly.High individual range overlaps in relatively small areas(the edge effect)is the most plausible reason for this positive bias in the CR models.Our results confirm that SCR models are much more robust to changes in trap array size than CR models,thus avoiding overestimation of density in smaller areas.However,when a study is concerned with monitoring population changes,large spatial efforts(area surveyed≥760 km^(2))are required to obtain reliable and precise density estimates with these population densities and recapture rates.展开更多
According to the 2021 China Business Report issued by the American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai and PwC(China),nearly 60% of surveyed member companies of the American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai said that their...According to the 2021 China Business Report issued by the American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai and PwC(China),nearly 60% of surveyed member companies of the American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai said that their investment in China of 2021 is higher than that of2020,up by about 30%.Also,about 77.1%surveyed companies saw net profits in 2020.展开更多
The ability of the monolithic satellite,satellite orbit(especially GEO),and radio resource are very limited,so the development of distributed satellite cluster network(DSCN) receives more and more worldwide attention....The ability of the monolithic satellite,satellite orbit(especially GEO),and radio resource are very limited,so the development of distributed satellite cluster network(DSCN) receives more and more worldwide attention.In this paper,DSCN is surveyed and the study status of DSCN architecture design is summarized.The formation flying of spacecrafts,reconfiguration,networking,and applied research on distributed satellite spacecraft are described in detail.The DSCN will provide a great technology innovation for space information network,satellite communications,satellite navigation,deep space exploration,and space remote sensing.In addition,this paper points out future trends of the DSCN development.展开更多
Equality and harmony are mainstream in Chinese marriage. The conclusion was made by a systematic investigation in 1996 on love and marriage relations between couples in Shanghai, Harbin, Guangdong, Gansu and other reg...Equality and harmony are mainstream in Chinese marriage. The conclusion was made by a systematic investigation in 1996 on love and marriage relations between couples in Shanghai, Harbin, Guangdong, Gansu and other regions. Six thousand couples were surveyed in a multi-period, separated level probability sampling; the research was conducted by the study group, "Marriage quality during the period of Chinese展开更多
As the further development of heavy ion physics requires much modern facilities, the possibility of building a new heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) was therefore surveyed. The idea of using the existing ...As the further development of heavy ion physics requires much modern facilities, the possibility of building a new heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) was therefore surveyed. The idea of using the existing cyclotron converted to 1.7m sector focusing cyclotron (SFC) as the injector and constructing a new separated sec-展开更多
基金supported by the Major Program of National Fund of Philosophy and Social Science of China(No.15ZDC037)
文摘The improvement of antibiotic rational use in China was studied by usage analysis of combination antibiotic therapy for type Ⅰ incisions in 244 hospitals. Five kinds of hospitals, including general hospital, maternity hospital, children＇s hospital, stomatological hospital and cancer hospital, from 30 provinces were surveyed. A systematic random sampling strategy was employed to select outpatient prescriptions and inpatient cases in 2011 and 2012. A total of 29 280 outpatient prescriptions and 73 200 inpatient cases from 244 hospitals in each year were analyzed. Data were collected with regards to the implementation of the national antibiotic stewardship program（NASP）, the overall usage and the prophylactic use of antibiotic for type Ⅰ incisions. Univariate analysis was used for microbiological diagnosis rate before antimicrobial therapy, prophylactic use of antibiotics for typeⅠincision operation, and so on. For multivariate analysis, the use of antibiotics was dichotomized according to the guidelines, and entered as binary values into logistic regression analysis. The results were compared with the corresponding criteria given by the guidelines of this campaign. The antibiotic stewardship in China was effective in that more than 80% of each kind of hospitals achieved the criteria of recommended antibiotics varieties. Hospital type appeared to be a factor statistically associated with stewardship outcome. The prophylactic use of antibiotics on type Ⅰ incision operations decreased by 16.22%（P〈0.05）. The usage of combination antibiotic therapy for type Ⅰ incisions was also decreased. Region and bed size were the main determinants on surgical prophylaxis for type Ⅰ incision. This national analysis of hospitals on antibiotic use and stewardship allows relevant comparisons for bench marking. More efforts addressing the root cause of antibiotics abuse would continue to improve the rational use of antibiotics in China.
基金supported by the Rare and Endangered Species Investigation and Monitoring Project of the State Forestry Administration(41309408)the Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences Fund
文摘The wolverine, Gulogulo, is an endangered species in China. This is the first report of the overall status of wolverines in China. The geographic distribution and population sizes of wolverines in the Greater Khingan and Altai Mountains were surveyed by line transect from1996–2000 and in 2011, respectively. We identified two geographically distinct groups in the Great Khingan Mountains, with a total population size of about 200 individuals throughout the region（approximately80,000 km^2）. Wolverines were also confirmed to be present in the Altai Mountains, where about 100 individuals occupied approximately 28,000 km^2 of mountain forest and tundra. Prey depletion and habitat loss, which are correlated with increasing human activities, are the main reasons for wolverine population declines in China.
基金supported by the Open Research Fund program of Laboratory of Lishui University(2014-26-10)the Scientific Research Foundation of Ph.D.in Lishui University(QD1301)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Planning Project of Lishui(20110426)the Project of Summer Work for Undergraduates in Lishui University(2014-245-23)
文摘In reptiles, habitat selection is the process whereby suitable habitat is selected that optimizes physiological functions and behavioral performance. Here, we used the brown forest skink（Sphenomorphus indicus） as a model animal and examined whether the frequency of active individuals, environmental temperature, illumination of activity area, and habitat type vary with different age classes. We surveyed the number of active individuals and measured environmental variables at Baiyunshan Mountain in Lishui, Zhejiang, China. We found no difference in the activity frequency of adult and juvenile S. indicus; the activity pattern of active individuals was bimodal. The mean environmental temperature selected by adults was higher than that selected by juveniles. The environmental temperature of active areas measured at 0900-1000 h and 1100-1200 h was higher than at 1400-1500h; illumination of the active area at 1000-1200 h was also higher than at 1400h-1600 h. The number of active individuals, the environmental temperature and illumination of activity areas showed pairwise positive correlation. There was a difference in habitat type between juveniles and adults whereby juveniles prefer rock habitats. We predict that active S. indicus select optimal habitats with different environmental temperatures and types to reach the physiological needs particular to their age classes.
文摘Introduction:For investigating the potential contaminations from the applications of nuclear energy and techniques,the radioactivity of both natural and artificial radionuclides in foods in China were surveyed during the period of 2012–2019,and the public’s exposure to radiation due to the consumption of these foods were estimated.Methods:The surveillance was conducted using the National Monitoring Network for Radioactivity in Food from 2012 to 2019.Food samples were collected,and radioactivity was determined using HPGe gammaray spectrometer by local institutes.Results:From 2012 to 2019,a total of 6,129 food samples including those collected around nuclear power plants and uranium mines were collected and analyzed,and no samples with activity concentrations of 238U,228Ra,226Ra,40K,or 137Cs were found to exceed Chinese national standards.Among the 7 types of surveyed foods,the natural radionuclide levels of tea and seaweed were relatively high,and the activity concentration of 137Cs in milk and dairy products was higher than that of other foods.Conclusions and Implications for Public Health Practice:The results of all the surveyed samples were within the scope of Chinese national standards.Different regions should improve monitoring systems,establish corresponding food emergency warning systems,and prepare strategies and measures for handling public health accidents.
基金supported by the Federal Office for the Environment.
文摘We studied the influence of surveyed area size on density estimates by means of camera-trapping in a low-density felid population(1-2 individuals/100 km^(2)).We applied non-spatial capture-recapture(CR)and spatial CR(SCR)models for Eurasian lynx during winter 2005/2006 in the northwestern Swiss Alps by sampling an area divided into 5 nested plots ranging from 65 to 760 km^(2).CR model density estimates(95%CI)for models M_(0)and M_(h)decreased from 2.61(1.55-3.68)and 3.6(1.62-5.57)independent lynx/100 km^(2),respectively,in the smallest to 1.20(1.04-1.35)and 1.26(0.89-1.63)independent lynx/100 km^(2),respectively,in the largest area surveyed.SCR model density estimates also decreased with increasing sampling area but not significantly.High individual range overlaps in relatively small areas(the edge effect)is the most plausible reason for this positive bias in the CR models.Our results confirm that SCR models are much more robust to changes in trap array size than CR models,thus avoiding overestimation of density in smaller areas.However,when a study is concerned with monitoring population changes,large spatial efforts(area surveyed≥760 km^(2))are required to obtain reliable and precise density estimates with these population densities and recapture rates.
文摘According to the 2021 China Business Report issued by the American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai and PwC(China),nearly 60% of surveyed member companies of the American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai said that their investment in China of 2021 is higher than that of2020,up by about 30%.Also,about 77.1%surveyed companies saw net profits in 2020.
基金National Natural Science foundations of China(Nos.61032004,91338201,and 61231011)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA121605)
文摘The ability of the monolithic satellite,satellite orbit(especially GEO),and radio resource are very limited,so the development of distributed satellite cluster network(DSCN) receives more and more worldwide attention.In this paper,DSCN is surveyed and the study status of DSCN architecture design is summarized.The formation flying of spacecrafts,reconfiguration,networking,and applied research on distributed satellite spacecraft are described in detail.The DSCN will provide a great technology innovation for space information network,satellite communications,satellite navigation,deep space exploration,and space remote sensing.In addition,this paper points out future trends of the DSCN development.
文摘Equality and harmony are mainstream in Chinese marriage. The conclusion was made by a systematic investigation in 1996 on love and marriage relations between couples in Shanghai, Harbin, Guangdong, Gansu and other regions. Six thousand couples were surveyed in a multi-period, separated level probability sampling; the research was conducted by the study group, "Marriage quality during the period of Chinese
文摘As the further development of heavy ion physics requires much modern facilities, the possibility of building a new heavy ion research facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL) was therefore surveyed. The idea of using the existing cyclotron converted to 1.7m sector focusing cyclotron (SFC) as the injector and constructing a new separated sec-
