锅穴地貌现象在西方地学界已有长足的研究,在中国地貌学界也并不陌生。锅穴通常形成于山区溪流河床,也形成于风化风蚀、石灰岩溶蚀、湖滨海岸浪蚀等作用。北美、北欧末次冰期大冰盖覆盖过的地方有冰水形成的锅穴。因此,锅穴是一种多成...锅穴地貌现象在西方地学界已有长足的研究,在中国地貌学界也并不陌生。锅穴通常形成于山区溪流河床,也形成于风化风蚀、石灰岩溶蚀、湖滨海岸浪蚀等作用。北美、北欧末次冰期大冰盖覆盖过的地方有冰水形成的锅穴。因此,锅穴是一种多成因的地貌现象。见到锅穴而不加多方辨别论证,一概说成是冰川形成,显然是十分危险的。风化和溶蚀形成锅穴属于物理化学作用,而流水和浪蚀形成锅穴属于水动力作用。关于水动力如何形成锅穴,西方地学界早就形成了公认的解释。冰水锅穴经过反复研究也确认,其形成机理与山区河流无异,均属湍急流水在河床局部形成环流驱动沙砾长期磨蚀的结果。既非西方人19世纪提出的“Mou lin Hypothesis”能够成功解释,更非眼下国内少数人倡导的“滴水穿石”能够说明。河谷跌水比想象的冰川终端冰崖缺水更加有利。展开更多
Since the late 1950’s, many Chinese scientists have explored the remains of the Quaternary glaciation in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its surrounding mountains. In the main, 3-4 glaciations have been recogn...Since the late 1950’s, many Chinese scientists have explored the remains of the Quaternary glaciation in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its surrounding mountains. In the main, 3-4 glaciations have been recognized. The largest one occurred in the Late Middle Pleistocene with piedmont glaciers, ice caps and trellis valley glaciers in many high peak regions. But here is no evidence of a unified ice sheet covering the whole plateau as described by M. Kuhle. Due to the further uplifting of the Himalayas and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau the climate became progressively drier, diminishing the extension of glaciers during the Late Pleistocene. The elevation of the snow line during the Last Glaciation was about 4,000 m on the south, east and northeast edges of the plateau and ascended to 5500 m on the hinder northwest of the plateau. The thermal effect of the big plateau massif, the sharp increase of aridity from the southeast rim to the northwest inland area and the abrupt decrease of precipitation during展开更多
Milankovitch Theory shows that glacial-interglacial cycles in the Quaternary are related to the variation of solar insolation forcing linked to the earth＇s astronomical parameters.However,the summer insolation at nor...Milankovitch Theory shows that glacial-interglacial cycles in the Quaternary are related to the variation of solar insolation forcing linked to the earth＇s astronomical parameters.However,the summer insolation at northern high latitudes,usually considered as the main external forcing for the ice age as Milankovitch pointed out,is marked by the 19- and 23-ka precession periodicities,which is not consistent with the glacial-interglacial cycles.On the other hand,recent studies indicate that the annual mean insolation dominated by the obliquity is also an important external forcing in glacial cycles.In this paper,it is assumed that the glacial oscillation is regulated simultaneously by the annual mean insolation at northern high latitudes related to obliquity and the noon insolation at summer solstice at the ice-line latitude related to precession. Only when both of them exceed some thresholds,does the ice sheet start to melt continuously to induce the global warming and deglaciation.Furthermore,the periodicity transition of glacial cycles at mid-Pleistocene was a natural change when the ice sheet thickness altered.A conceptual model based on this idea gives encouraging results compared with the isotopic data.展开更多
文摘锅穴地貌现象在西方地学界已有长足的研究,在中国地貌学界也并不陌生。锅穴通常形成于山区溪流河床,也形成于风化风蚀、石灰岩溶蚀、湖滨海岸浪蚀等作用。北美、北欧末次冰期大冰盖覆盖过的地方有冰水形成的锅穴。因此,锅穴是一种多成因的地貌现象。见到锅穴而不加多方辨别论证,一概说成是冰川形成,显然是十分危险的。风化和溶蚀形成锅穴属于物理化学作用,而流水和浪蚀形成锅穴属于水动力作用。关于水动力如何形成锅穴,西方地学界早就形成了公认的解释。冰水锅穴经过反复研究也确认,其形成机理与山区河流无异,均属湍急流水在河床局部形成环流驱动沙砾长期磨蚀的结果。既非西方人19世纪提出的“Mou lin Hypothesis”能够成功解释,更非眼下国内少数人倡导的“滴水穿石”能够说明。河谷跌水比想象的冰川终端冰崖缺水更加有利。
文摘Since the late 1950’s, many Chinese scientists have explored the remains of the Quaternary glaciation in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its surrounding mountains. In the main, 3-4 glaciations have been recognized. The largest one occurred in the Late Middle Pleistocene with piedmont glaciers, ice caps and trellis valley glaciers in many high peak regions. But here is no evidence of a unified ice sheet covering the whole plateau as described by M. Kuhle. Due to the further uplifting of the Himalayas and Qinghai-Xizang Plateau the climate became progressively drier, diminishing the extension of glaciers during the Late Pleistocene. The elevation of the snow line during the Last Glaciation was about 4,000 m on the south, east and northeast edges of the plateau and ascended to 5500 m on the hinder northwest of the plateau. The thermal effect of the big plateau massif, the sharp increase of aridity from the southeast rim to the northwest inland area and the abrupt decrease of precipitation during
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.40875043 and 40631002the National Program on Key Basic Research of China(2010CB428506)
文摘Milankovitch Theory shows that glacial-interglacial cycles in the Quaternary are related to the variation of solar insolation forcing linked to the earth＇s astronomical parameters.However,the summer insolation at northern high latitudes,usually considered as the main external forcing for the ice age as Milankovitch pointed out,is marked by the 19- and 23-ka precession periodicities,which is not consistent with the glacial-interglacial cycles.On the other hand,recent studies indicate that the annual mean insolation dominated by the obliquity is also an important external forcing in glacial cycles.In this paper,it is assumed that the glacial oscillation is regulated simultaneously by the annual mean insolation at northern high latitudes related to obliquity and the noon insolation at summer solstice at the ice-line latitude related to precession. Only when both of them exceed some thresholds,does the ice sheet start to melt continuously to induce the global warming and deglaciation.Furthermore,the periodicity transition of glacial cycles at mid-Pleistocene was a natural change when the ice sheet thickness altered.A conceptual model based on this idea gives encouraging results compared with the isotopic data.
