Parasitism by the endoparasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum （Hymenoptera： Pteromalidae） by using only its associated venom, can suppress the immunal responses of Pieris rapae （Lepidoptera： Pieridae）. However, up to ...Parasitism by the endoparasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum （Hymenoptera： Pteromalidae） by using only its associated venom, can suppress the immunal responses of Pieris rapae （Lepidoptera： Pieridae）. However, up to now, current knowledge of the mech- anisms has been limited. The response of host hemocytes to parasitism was investigated using a combination of light and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Five hemocyte types, prohemocytes （PRs）, granulocytes （GRs）, plasmatocytes （PLs）, oenocytoids （OEs） and coagulocytes （COs）, were observed and characterized from both unparasitized and parasitized Pieris rapae pupae. Light microscopy showed that both GRs and PLs became more round and spread abnormally after parasitism, whereas the shape of other types of hemocytes remained unaffected. In addition, the size of PRs and PLs became larger while OEs became smaller. The proportion of PRs significantly increased after parasitism and that of PLs decreased by 43.9%, but there was no significant increase of GRs and OEs. TEM showed that all types of hemocytes except COs were damaged to various degrees after parasitism, especially resulting in electron opaque cytoplasm and nucleus, fewer cell organelles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and vesicles. Our results indicate that parasitism by P. puparum affects differential hemocyte counts and structures of host hemocytes, particularly for GRs and PLs, which may be the main cause of the parasitoid suppressing host cellular immune responses.展开更多
The study of the mineral and organic content of the Allende meteorite is important for our understanding of the molecular evolution of the universe as well as the ancient Earth. Previous studies have characterized the...The study of the mineral and organic content of the Allende meteorite is important for our understanding of the molecular evolution of the universe as well as the ancient Earth. Previous studies have characterized the magnetic minerals present in ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites, providing information on the evolution of magnetic fields. The interaction of organic compounds with magnetic minerals is a possible source of chemical diversity, which is crucial for molecular evolution. Carbon compounds in meteorites are of great scientific interest for a variety of reasons, such as their relevance to the origins of chirality in living organisms. This study presents the characterization of organic and mineral compounds in the Allende meteorite. The structural and physicochemical characterization of the Allende meteorite was accomplished through light microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction with complementary Rietveld refinement, Raman and infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy using magnetic signal methods to determine the complex structure and the interaction of organic compounds with magnetic Ni-Fe minerals. The presence of Liesegang-like patterns of chondrules in fragments of the Allende structure may also be relevant to understanding how the meteorite was formed. Other observations include the presence of magnetic materials and nanorod-like solids with relatively similar sizes as well as the heterogeneous distribution of carbon in chondrules. Signals observed in the Raman and infrared spectra resemble organic compounds such as carbon nanotubes and peptide-like molecules that have been previously reported in other meteorites, making the Mexican Allende meteorite a feasible sample for the study of the early Earth and exoplanetary bodies.展开更多
This study set out to look into the palyno-morphological characteristics of specific allergenic species from diverse plant families in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Six different species i.e. Betula pendula, Fraxinus pennsyl...This study set out to look into the palyno-morphological characteristics of specific allergenic species from diverse plant families in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Six different species i.e. Betula pendula, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Magnolia × soulangeana, Pinus brutia var. eldarica, Populus alba, Quercus robur were collected, pressed, identified, and then examined under a microscope. Under light microscope, both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the pollen grains were recorded, including pollen type, pollen size, pollen shape (polar and equatorial view), P/E ratio, mesocolpium distance, exine thickness, colpi type, colpi length, and width. It was found that a warm spring in Uzbekistan causes an early commencement of the vegetative and dusting phases, in contrast to the climatic circumstances of the researched entities’ motherland (cold spring). Studies in aeropalinology and morphology enable the resolution of numerous environmental issues. The findings highlighted the importance of pollen morphology as an identifying aid and showed how the tested species’ palynological characteristics varied. In order to promote future phylogenetic description of the Uzbekistan flora, the current study may help us better understand the palynomorphological traits of native plants. This essay only briefly and inadequately addresses these issues. The information gathered will be used to make an atlas of allergic plants in Samarkand and an electronic warning system for the general public about the spread of pollen from the city’s allergenic plants in the future.展开更多
文摘Parasitism by the endoparasitic wasp Pteromalus puparum （Hymenoptera： Pteromalidae） by using only its associated venom, can suppress the immunal responses of Pieris rapae （Lepidoptera： Pieridae）. However, up to now, current knowledge of the mech- anisms has been limited. The response of host hemocytes to parasitism was investigated using a combination of light and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Five hemocyte types, prohemocytes （PRs）, granulocytes （GRs）, plasmatocytes （PLs）, oenocytoids （OEs） and coagulocytes （COs）, were observed and characterized from both unparasitized and parasitized Pieris rapae pupae. Light microscopy showed that both GRs and PLs became more round and spread abnormally after parasitism, whereas the shape of other types of hemocytes remained unaffected. In addition, the size of PRs and PLs became larger while OEs became smaller. The proportion of PRs significantly increased after parasitism and that of PLs decreased by 43.9%, but there was no significant increase of GRs and OEs. TEM showed that all types of hemocytes except COs were damaged to various degrees after parasitism, especially resulting in electron opaque cytoplasm and nucleus, fewer cell organelles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and vesicles. Our results indicate that parasitism by P. puparum affects differential hemocyte counts and structures of host hemocytes, particularly for GRs and PLs, which may be the main cause of the parasitoid suppressing host cellular immune responses.
文摘The study of the mineral and organic content of the Allende meteorite is important for our understanding of the molecular evolution of the universe as well as the ancient Earth. Previous studies have characterized the magnetic minerals present in ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites, providing information on the evolution of magnetic fields. The interaction of organic compounds with magnetic minerals is a possible source of chemical diversity, which is crucial for molecular evolution. Carbon compounds in meteorites are of great scientific interest for a variety of reasons, such as their relevance to the origins of chirality in living organisms. This study presents the characterization of organic and mineral compounds in the Allende meteorite. The structural and physicochemical characterization of the Allende meteorite was accomplished through light microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction with complementary Rietveld refinement, Raman and infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy using magnetic signal methods to determine the complex structure and the interaction of organic compounds with magnetic Ni-Fe minerals. The presence of Liesegang-like patterns of chondrules in fragments of the Allende structure may also be relevant to understanding how the meteorite was formed. Other observations include the presence of magnetic materials and nanorod-like solids with relatively similar sizes as well as the heterogeneous distribution of carbon in chondrules. Signals observed in the Raman and infrared spectra resemble organic compounds such as carbon nanotubes and peptide-like molecules that have been previously reported in other meteorites, making the Mexican Allende meteorite a feasible sample for the study of the early Earth and exoplanetary bodies.
文摘This study set out to look into the palyno-morphological characteristics of specific allergenic species from diverse plant families in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Six different species i.e. Betula pendula, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Magnolia × soulangeana, Pinus brutia var. eldarica, Populus alba, Quercus robur were collected, pressed, identified, and then examined under a microscope. Under light microscope, both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the pollen grains were recorded, including pollen type, pollen size, pollen shape (polar and equatorial view), P/E ratio, mesocolpium distance, exine thickness, colpi type, colpi length, and width. It was found that a warm spring in Uzbekistan causes an early commencement of the vegetative and dusting phases, in contrast to the climatic circumstances of the researched entities’ motherland (cold spring). Studies in aeropalinology and morphology enable the resolution of numerous environmental issues. The findings highlighted the importance of pollen morphology as an identifying aid and showed how the tested species’ palynological characteristics varied. In order to promote future phylogenetic description of the Uzbekistan flora, the current study may help us better understand the palynomorphological traits of native plants. This essay only briefly and inadequately addresses these issues. The information gathered will be used to make an atlas of allergic plants in Samarkand and an electronic warning system for the general public about the spread of pollen from the city’s allergenic plants in the future.
