Allergic asthma is thought to arise from an imbalance of immune regulation, which is characterized by the production of large quantities of Ig E antibodies by B cells and a decrease of the interferon-γ/interleukin-4(...Allergic asthma is thought to arise from an imbalance of immune regulation, which is characterized by the production of large quantities of Ig E antibodies by B cells and a decrease of the interferon-γ/interleukin-4(Th1/Th2) ratio. Certain immunomodulatory components and Chinese herbal formulae have been used in traditional herbal medicine for thousands of years. However, there are few studies performing evidence-based Chinese medicine(CM) research on the mechanisms and efficacy of these drugs in allergic asthma. This review aims to explore the roles of Chinese herbal formulae and herb-derived compounds in experimental research models of allergic asthma. We screened published modern CM research results on the experimental effects of Chinese herbal formulae and herb-derived bioactive compounds for allergic asthma and their possible underlying mechanisms in English language articles from the Pub Med and the Google Scholar databases with the keywords allergic asthma, experimental model and Chinese herbal medicine. We found 22 Chinese herb species and 31 herb-derived anti-asthmatic compounds as well as 12 Chinese herbal formulae which showed a reduction of airway hyperresponsiveness, allergen-specific immunoglobulin E, inflammatory cell infiltration and a regulation of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo, respectively. Chinese herbal formulae and herbderived bioactive compounds exhibit immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-asthma activities in different experimental models and their various mechanisms of action are being investigated in modern CM research with genomics, proteomics and metabolomics technologies, which will lead to a new era in the development of new drug discovery for allergic asthma in CM.展开更多
Ferroptosis,a new non-necrotizing programmed cell death(PCD),is driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation.Ferroptosis plays a key role in secondary traumatic brain injury and secondary spinal cord injury and ...Ferroptosis,a new non-necrotizing programmed cell death(PCD),is driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation.Ferroptosis plays a key role in secondary traumatic brain injury and secondary spinal cord injury and is closely related to inflammation,immunity,and chronic injuries.The inhibitors against ferroptosis effectively improve iron homeostasis,lipid metabolism,redox stabilization,neuronal remodeling,and functional recovery after trauma.In this review,we elaborate on the latest molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis,emphasize its role in secondary central nervous trauma,and update the medicines used to suppress ferroptosis following injuries.展开更多
The gastrointestinal tract is frequently challenged by pathogens/antigens contained in food and water and the intestinal epithelium must be capable of rapid regeneration in the event of tissue damage. Disruption of t... The gastrointestinal tract is frequently challenged by pathogens/antigens contained in food and water and the intestinal epithelium must be capable of rapid regeneration in the event of tissue damage. Disruption of the intestinal barrier leads to a number of immune-mediated diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, food allergy, and celiac disease. The intestinal mucosa is composed of different types of epithelial cells in specific barrier functions. Epithelial cells control surfaceassociated bacterial populations without disrupting the intestinal microflora that is crucial for host health. They are also capable of modulating mucosal immune system, and are thus essential in maintaining homeostasis in the gut. Thus, the regulation of intestinal epithelial homeostasis is crucial for the maintenance of the structure of the mucosa and the defensive barrier functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that multiple molecular pathways are involved in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell polarity. These include the Wnt, Notch, Hippo, transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) and Hedgehog pathways, most of which were identified in lower organisms where they play important roles during embryogenesis. These pathways are also used in adult organisms to regulate multiple self-renewing organs. Understanding the interactions between these molecular mechanisms and intestinal barrier function will therefore provide important insight into the pathogenesis of intestinal-based immune-mediated diseases.展开更多
Neutrophils are considered as complex innate immune cells and play a critical role in maintaining intestinal mucosal homeostasis.They exert robust pro-inflammatory effects and recruit other immune cells in the acute p...Neutrophils are considered as complex innate immune cells and play a critical role in maintaining intestinal mucosal homeostasis.They exert robust pro-inflammatory effects and recruit other immune cells in the acute phase of pathogen infection and intestinal inflammation,but paradoxically,they also limit exogenousmicrobial invasion and facilitate mucosal restoration.Hyperactivation or dysfunction of neutrophils results in abnormal immune responses,leading to multiple autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus,rheumatoid arthritis,and inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD).As a refractory intestinal inflammatory disease,the pathogenesis and progression of IBD are associated with complicated immune response processes in which neutrophils are profoundly involved.However,the consensus on potential roles of neutrophils in modulating pathogenic and repair processes of IBD remains not fully understood.Accumulated infiltrating neutrophils cross the epithelial barrier and contribute to microbial dysbiosis,aggravated intestinal architectural damage,compromised resolution of intestinal inflammation and increased risk of thrombosis during IBD.Paradoxically,activated neutrophils are also associated with effective elimination of invaded microbiota,promoted angiogenesis and tissue restoration of gutmucosa in IBD.Here,we discuss the beneficial and detrimental roles of neutrophils in the onset and resolution of intestinalmucosal inflammation,hoping to provide a precise overview of neutrophil functions in the pathogenesis of IBD.展开更多
类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种难治的自身免疫性疾病,具有慢性、系统性的特点,但是该病的发病机制至今尚未完全明确。自噬是一种存在于真核生物细胞,维持细胞正常生理活动及细胞稳态的代谢过程,自噬失调与RA等多种疾病的发生、发展有关。本文...类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种难治的自身免疫性疾病,具有慢性、系统性的特点,但是该病的发病机制至今尚未完全明确。自噬是一种存在于真核生物细胞,维持细胞正常生理活动及细胞稳态的代谢过程,自噬失调与RA等多种疾病的发生、发展有关。本文检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网、PubMed、Web of Science、Elsevier等数据库,查阅RA发病与自噬相关的文献,从维持滑膜炎症(提高滑膜细胞的抗凋亡率、调控滑膜细胞表型转化)、促进骨破坏(参与破骨细胞生成、调控软骨细胞凋亡)、破坏免疫系统稳态(调节免疫细胞活化及成熟、参与瓜氨酸化蛋白呈递、诱导蛋白质氨基甲酰化)三方面归纳、总结自噬在RA发病机制中的作用,为RA的发病机制研究和治疗提供参考。展开更多
基金Supported by the Austrian EURASIA-PACIFIC UNINET Technology Scholarship,the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Health(GZ 402.000/0006-II/6b/2012)the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB543203)
文摘Allergic asthma is thought to arise from an imbalance of immune regulation, which is characterized by the production of large quantities of Ig E antibodies by B cells and a decrease of the interferon-γ/interleukin-4(Th1/Th2) ratio. Certain immunomodulatory components and Chinese herbal formulae have been used in traditional herbal medicine for thousands of years. However, there are few studies performing evidence-based Chinese medicine(CM) research on the mechanisms and efficacy of these drugs in allergic asthma. This review aims to explore the roles of Chinese herbal formulae and herb-derived compounds in experimental research models of allergic asthma. We screened published modern CM research results on the experimental effects of Chinese herbal formulae and herb-derived bioactive compounds for allergic asthma and their possible underlying mechanisms in English language articles from the Pub Med and the Google Scholar databases with the keywords allergic asthma, experimental model and Chinese herbal medicine. We found 22 Chinese herb species and 31 herb-derived anti-asthmatic compounds as well as 12 Chinese herbal formulae which showed a reduction of airway hyperresponsiveness, allergen-specific immunoglobulin E, inflammatory cell infiltration and a regulation of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo, respectively. Chinese herbal formulae and herbderived bioactive compounds exhibit immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-asthma activities in different experimental models and their various mechanisms of action are being investigated in modern CM research with genomics, proteomics and metabolomics technologies, which will lead to a new era in the development of new drug discovery for allergic asthma in CM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.U1604170(to YJJ).
文摘Ferroptosis,a new non-necrotizing programmed cell death(PCD),is driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation.Ferroptosis plays a key role in secondary traumatic brain injury and secondary spinal cord injury and is closely related to inflammation,immunity,and chronic injuries.The inhibitors against ferroptosis effectively improve iron homeostasis,lipid metabolism,redox stabilization,neuronal remodeling,and functional recovery after trauma.In this review,we elaborate on the latest molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis,emphasize its role in secondary central nervous trauma,and update the medicines used to suppress ferroptosis following injuries.
文摘 The gastrointestinal tract is frequently challenged by pathogens/antigens contained in food and water and the intestinal epithelium must be capable of rapid regeneration in the event of tissue damage. Disruption of the intestinal barrier leads to a number of immune-mediated diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, food allergy, and celiac disease. The intestinal mucosa is composed of different types of epithelial cells in specific barrier functions. Epithelial cells control surfaceassociated bacterial populations without disrupting the intestinal microflora that is crucial for host health. They are also capable of modulating mucosal immune system, and are thus essential in maintaining homeostasis in the gut. Thus, the regulation of intestinal epithelial homeostasis is crucial for the maintenance of the structure of the mucosa and the defensive barrier functions. Recent studies have demonstrated that multiple molecular pathways are involved in the regulation of intestinal epithelial cell polarity. These include the Wnt, Notch, Hippo, transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) and Hedgehog pathways, most of which were identified in lower organisms where they play important roles during embryogenesis. These pathways are also used in adult organisms to regulate multiple self-renewing organs. Understanding the interactions between these molecular mechanisms and intestinal barrier function will therefore provide important insight into the pathogenesis of intestinal-based immune-mediated diseases.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.81630017 and 91942312).
文摘Neutrophils are considered as complex innate immune cells and play a critical role in maintaining intestinal mucosal homeostasis.They exert robust pro-inflammatory effects and recruit other immune cells in the acute phase of pathogen infection and intestinal inflammation,but paradoxically,they also limit exogenousmicrobial invasion and facilitate mucosal restoration.Hyperactivation or dysfunction of neutrophils results in abnormal immune responses,leading to multiple autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus,rheumatoid arthritis,and inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD).As a refractory intestinal inflammatory disease,the pathogenesis and progression of IBD are associated with complicated immune response processes in which neutrophils are profoundly involved.However,the consensus on potential roles of neutrophils in modulating pathogenic and repair processes of IBD remains not fully understood.Accumulated infiltrating neutrophils cross the epithelial barrier and contribute to microbial dysbiosis,aggravated intestinal architectural damage,compromised resolution of intestinal inflammation and increased risk of thrombosis during IBD.Paradoxically,activated neutrophils are also associated with effective elimination of invaded microbiota,promoted angiogenesis and tissue restoration of gutmucosa in IBD.Here,we discuss the beneficial and detrimental roles of neutrophils in the onset and resolution of intestinalmucosal inflammation,hoping to provide a precise overview of neutrophil functions in the pathogenesis of IBD.
文摘类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种难治的自身免疫性疾病,具有慢性、系统性的特点,但是该病的发病机制至今尚未完全明确。自噬是一种存在于真核生物细胞,维持细胞正常生理活动及细胞稳态的代谢过程,自噬失调与RA等多种疾病的发生、发展有关。本文检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网、PubMed、Web of Science、Elsevier等数据库,查阅RA发病与自噬相关的文献,从维持滑膜炎症(提高滑膜细胞的抗凋亡率、调控滑膜细胞表型转化)、促进骨破坏(参与破骨细胞生成、调控软骨细胞凋亡)、破坏免疫系统稳态(调节免疫细胞活化及成熟、参与瓜氨酸化蛋白呈递、诱导蛋白质氨基甲酰化)三方面归纳、总结自噬在RA发病机制中的作用,为RA的发病机制研究和治疗提供参考。
