Crop diseases are major factors responsible for substantial yield losses worldwide,which affects global food security.The use of resistance(R)genes is an effective and sustainable approach to controlling crop diseases...Crop diseases are major factors responsible for substantial yield losses worldwide,which affects global food security.The use of resistance(R)genes is an effective and sustainable approach to controlling crop diseases.Here,we review recent advances on R gene studies in the major crops and related wild species.Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying R gene activation and signaling,and susceptibility(S)gene-mediated resistance in crops are summarized and discussed.Furthermore,we propose some new strategies for R gene discovery,how to balance resistance and yield,and how to generate crops with broad-spectrum disease resistance.With the rapid development of new genome-editing technologies and the availability of increasing crop genome sequences,the goal of breeding next-generation crops with durable resistance to pathogens is achievable,and will be a key step toward increasing crop production in a sustainable way.展开更多
The relationships between five classes of Japanese people （i.e., 96 centenarians, 96 Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） patients, 96 Parkinson＇s disease （PD） patients, 96 type 2 diabetic （T2D） patients, and 96 healthy ...The relationships between five classes of Japanese people （i.e., 96 centenarians, 96 Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） patients, 96 Parkinson＇s disease （PD） patients, 96 type 2 diabetic （T2D） patients, and 96 healthy non-obese young males） and their mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism （mtSNP） frequencies at individual mtDNA positions of the entire mitochondrial genome were examined using the radial basis function （RBF） network and the modified method. New findings of mitochondrial haplogroups were obtained for individual classes. The five classes of people were associated with the following haplogroups： Japanese centenarians-M7b2, D4b2a, and B5b; Japanese AD patients-G2a, B4cl, and N9b1; Japanese PD patients-M7b2, B4e, and B5b; Japanese T2D patients-B5b, M8al, G, D4, and F1; and Japanese healthy non-obese young males-D4g and D4b1b. From the points of common haplogroups among the five classes, the cente- narians have the common haplogroups M7b2 and B5b with the PD patients and common haplogroup B5b with the T2D patients. In addition, the 112 Japanese semi-supercentenarians （over 105 years old） recently reported were also examined by the method proposed. The results obtained were the haplogroups D4a, B4c1a, M7b2, F1, M1, and B5b. These results are different from the previously reported haplogroup classifications. As the proposed analysis method can predict a person＇s mtSNP constitution and the probabilities of becoming a centenarian, AD patient, PD patient, or T2D patient, it may be useful in initial diagnosis of various diseases.展开更多
基金the Ministry of Agriculture of China(2016ZX08001-002)the National Key Research and Development Program of China,the Ministry of Science and Tech no logy of China(2016YFD0100600 to Z.H.)+3 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB27040201)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24010304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31720103913,319300209 to Z.H.31772149 to Y.D.).
文摘Crop diseases are major factors responsible for substantial yield losses worldwide,which affects global food security.The use of resistance(R)genes is an effective and sustainable approach to controlling crop diseases.Here,we review recent advances on R gene studies in the major crops and related wild species.Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying R gene activation and signaling,and susceptibility(S)gene-mediated resistance in crops are summarized and discussed.Furthermore,we propose some new strategies for R gene discovery,how to balance resistance and yield,and how to generate crops with broad-spectrum disease resistance.With the rapid development of new genome-editing technologies and the availability of increasing crop genome sequences,the goal of breeding next-generation crops with durable resistance to pathogens is achievable,and will be a key step toward increasing crop production in a sustainable way.
文摘The relationships between five classes of Japanese people （i.e., 96 centenarians, 96 Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） patients, 96 Parkinson＇s disease （PD） patients, 96 type 2 diabetic （T2D） patients, and 96 healthy non-obese young males） and their mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism （mtSNP） frequencies at individual mtDNA positions of the entire mitochondrial genome were examined using the radial basis function （RBF） network and the modified method. New findings of mitochondrial haplogroups were obtained for individual classes. The five classes of people were associated with the following haplogroups： Japanese centenarians-M7b2, D4b2a, and B5b; Japanese AD patients-G2a, B4cl, and N9b1; Japanese PD patients-M7b2, B4e, and B5b; Japanese T2D patients-B5b, M8al, G, D4, and F1; and Japanese healthy non-obese young males-D4g and D4b1b. From the points of common haplogroups among the five classes, the cente- narians have the common haplogroups M7b2 and B5b with the PD patients and common haplogroup B5b with the T2D patients. In addition, the 112 Japanese semi-supercentenarians （over 105 years old） recently reported were also examined by the method proposed. The results obtained were the haplogroups D4a, B4c1a, M7b2, F1, M1, and B5b. These results are different from the previously reported haplogroup classifications. As the proposed analysis method can predict a person＇s mtSNP constitution and the probabilities of becoming a centenarian, AD patient, PD patient, or T2D patient, it may be useful in initial diagnosis of various diseases.
