Plants have acquired sophisticated stress response systems to adapt to changing environments. It is important to understand plants＇ stress response mechanisms in the effort to improve crop productivity under stressfu...Plants have acquired sophisticated stress response systems to adapt to changing environments. It is important to understand plants＇ stress response mechanisms in the effort to improve crop productivity under stressful conditions. The AP2/ERF transcription factors are known to regulate diverse processes of plant development and stress responses. In this study, the molecular characteristics and biological functions of AP2/ERFs in a variety of plant species were analyzed. AP2/ERFs, especially those in DREB and ERF subfamilies, are ideal candidates for crop improvement because their overexpression enhances tolerances to drought, salt, freezing, as well as resistances to multiple diseases in the transgenic plants. The comprehensive analysis of physiological functions is useful in elucidating the biological roles of AP2/ERF family genes in gene interaction, pathway regulation, and defense response under stress environments, which should provide new opportunities for the crop tolerance engineering.展开更多
Plants of Artemisia annua produce artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase （ADS）, a sesquiterpene synthase, and CYP71AV1, a P450 monooxygenase, are two key e...Plants of Artemisia annua produce artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase （ADS）, a sesquiterpene synthase, and CYP71AV1, a P450 monooxygenase, are two key enzymes of the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway. Accumulation of artemisinin can be induced by the phytohormone jasmonate （JA）. Here, we report the characterization of two JA-responsive AP2 family transcription factors-AaERF1 and AaERF2-from A. annua L. Both genes were highly expressed in inflorescences and strongly induced by JA. Yeast one- hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA） showed that they were able to bind to the CRTDREHVCBF2 （CBF2） and RAVlAAT （RAA） motifs present in both ADS and CYP71AV1 promoters. Transient expression of either AaERF1 or AaERF2 in tobacco induced the promoter activities of ADS or CYP71AV1, and the transgenic A. annua plants overexpressing either transcription factor showed elevated transcript levels of both ADS and CYP71AV1, resulting in increased accumulation of artemisinin and artemisinic acid. By contrast, the contents of these two metabolites were reduced in the RNAi transgenic lines in which expression of AaERF1 or AaERF2 was suppressed. These results demonstrate that AaERF1 and AaERF2 are two positive regulators of artemisinin biosynthesis and are of great value in genetic engineering of arte- misinin production.展开更多
药用植物作为中药和世界传统药物的主要来源,面临着资源稀缺和活性成分含量低等问题.通过转录水平调控发育相关基因及活性成分合成途径酶基因表达是实现定向、高效调节药用植物生长及活性成分合成的有效手段之一.因此,近年来转录因子调...药用植物作为中药和世界传统药物的主要来源,面临着资源稀缺和活性成分含量低等问题.通过转录水平调控发育相关基因及活性成分合成途径酶基因表达是实现定向、高效调节药用植物生长及活性成分合成的有效手段之一.因此,近年来转录因子调节药用植物发育及活性成分合成的研究备受关注.转录因子AP2/ERF家族是植物最大转录因子家族之一,家族成员均包含保守AP2结构域,根据结构域数量和识别序列不同,AP2/ERF家族被分为5个亚家族:AP2(APETALA2),ERF(ethylene-responsive factor),DREB(dehydration-responsive element binding proteins),RAV(related to ABI3/VP1)和Soloist.本文重点综述转录因子AP2/ERF调控药用植物活性成分生物合成、发育、胁迫响应的研究进展,阐述了转录因子AP2/ERF调控靶基因和自身受到调控的作用机制,同时总结转录因子AP2/ERF研究方法,提出组学和生物信息学方法成为分离、筛选转录因子,预测转录因子功能的强大工具,为分析、预测、验证药用植物AP2/ERF家族成员的功能和阐明AP2/ERF的调控机制提供理论基础和方法指导.转录因子AP2/ERF的功能研究及其作用机制的揭示将有助于利用代谢调控手段提高药用植物活性成分产量,有利于药用植物优良品种的培育,为满足人们对天然药物的需求奠定基础.展开更多
Trichome formation has been extensively studied as a mechanistic model for epidermal cell differentiation and cell morphogenesis in plants. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying trichome formation ...Trichome formation has been extensively studied as a mechanistic model for epidermal cell differentiation and cell morphogenesis in plants. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying trichome formation （i.e., initiation and elongation） in rice remain largely unclear. Here, we report an AP2/ERF transcription factor, Hairy Leaf 6 （HL6）, which controls trichome formation in rice. Functional analyses revealed that HL6 transcriptionally regulates trichome elongation in rice, which is dependent on functional OsWOX3B, a homeodomain-containing protein that acts as a key regulator in trichome initiation. Biochemical and molecular genetic analyses demonstrated that HL6 physically interacts with OsWOX3B, and both of them regulate the expression of some auxin-related genes during trichome formation, in which OsWOX3B likely enhances the binding ability of HL6 with one of its direct target gene, OsYUCCA5. Popu- lation genetic analysis indicated that HL6 was under negative selection during rice domestication. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the molecular regulatory network of trichome formation in rice.展开更多
植物AP2/ERF（APETALA 2/ethylene-responsive element binding factor）是一个庞大的转录因子超家族,其蛋白质中均含有1或2段60~70个氨基酸残基组成的AP2/ERF结构域,存在于所有植物中。AP2/ERF转录因子参与多种生物学过程,包括干旱、...植物AP2/ERF（APETALA 2/ethylene-responsive element binding factor）是一个庞大的转录因子超家族,其蛋白质中均含有1或2段60~70个氨基酸残基组成的AP2/ERF结构域,存在于所有植物中。AP2/ERF转录因子参与多种生物学过程,包括干旱、高盐、低温等逆境胁迫响应等。在植物受到逆境刺激后,脱落酸、乙烯等信号相应地被激活,并激活AP2/ERF转录因子的表达,从而调控功能基因的表达。文中对国内外近年来有关植物AP2/ERF类转录因子的分类、结构特点、分布、信号传导途径及基因调节等方面的研究进行了综述。展开更多
Plant seed development and germination are under strict temporal and spatial regulation, and tran-scription factors play important roles in this regulation. In the present study we identified an EST ex-pressed specifi...Plant seed development and germination are under strict temporal and spatial regulation, and tran-scription factors play important roles in this regulation. In the present study we identified an EST ex-pressed specifically in the developing soybean seeds. The full length of the gene was obtained through further RACE analysis and the gene was named GmSGR. Sequence analysis revealed that this gene belonged to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. Its AP2 domain had the highest similarity with that of the A-3 member AtABI4 of DREB subgroup in the AP2/ERF family in Arabidopsis. GmSGR did not exhibit transcriptional activation activity in the yeast assay system. GmSGR was overexpressed in Arabidopsis and the germination rates of the transgenic seeds were significantly higher than that of the wild type seeds under higher concentrations of ABA and glucose respectively. However, the germina-tion rates of the transgenic seeds were lower than that of control under salt stress. The expression of AtEm6 and AtRD29B was higher in the seedlings of the transgenic plants than that in the wild-type seedlings. These results suggest that GmSGR may confer reduced ABA sensitivity and enhanced salt sensitivity to the transgenic seeds through regulating the expression of AtEm6 and AtRD29B genes.展开更多
AP2/ERF(APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor)是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,至少含有1个由60~70个高度保守的氨基酸组成的特有的AP2结构域,根据AP2结构域数量和相似性可划分为5个亚家族:AP2(APETALA2)、DREB(Dehydration-responsiv...AP2/ERF(APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor)是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,至少含有1个由60~70个高度保守的氨基酸组成的特有的AP2结构域,根据AP2结构域数量和相似性可划分为5个亚家族:AP2(APETALA2)、DREB(Dehydration-responsive element binding proteins)、ERF(Ethylene-responsive factor)、RAV(Related to AB13/VP)和Soloist。AP2/ERF转录因子通过AP2结构域中的YRG和RAYD保守元件与靶基因结合,实现对相关基因的转录调控功能。目前,AP2/ERF已成为研究植物抗逆机制和活性成分生物合成的热点候选基因,越来越多植物AP2/ERF家族及其成员被报道。本研究对近年来有关AP2/ERF家族的最新研究成果进行了总结,综述了AP2/ERF家族转录因子的结构特征与分类,重点介绍了该类转录因子调控植物次生代谢产物的合成以及参与生物、非生物胁迫应答等方面的研究进展,并展望了AP2/ERF转录因子可能的研究热点和领域,以期为今后进一步挖掘和利用该类转录因子基因进行植物遗传改良以及种质创新提供参考。展开更多
应用电子克隆技术,以紫草AP2/ERF序列为探针,获得了新疆紫草的1条876 bp AP2/ERF的序列,包含1个1 077 bp的开放阅读框编码205个氨基酸,命名为AeAP2/ERF。采用生物信息学方法,对该基因所编码的蛋白从氨基酸组成、理化性质、亚细胞定位、...应用电子克隆技术,以紫草AP2/ERF序列为探针,获得了新疆紫草的1条876 bp AP2/ERF的序列,包含1个1 077 bp的开放阅读框编码205个氨基酸,命名为AeAP2/ERF。采用生物信息学方法,对该基因所编码的蛋白从氨基酸组成、理化性质、亚细胞定位、跨膜结构域、疏水性/亲水性、高级结构及功能域等方面进行预测和分析,结果显示该基因编码蛋白定位于细胞核,为水溶性蛋白,可以调控代谢、转导信号。展开更多
基金supported by the National Transgenic Key Project of MOA(201 1ZX08002-002 and 2009ZX08009-083B)
文摘Plants have acquired sophisticated stress response systems to adapt to changing environments. It is important to understand plants＇ stress response mechanisms in the effort to improve crop productivity under stressful conditions. The AP2/ERF transcription factors are known to regulate diverse processes of plant development and stress responses. In this study, the molecular characteristics and biological functions of AP2/ERFs in a variety of plant species were analyzed. AP2/ERFs, especially those in DREB and ERF subfamilies, are ideal candidates for crop improvement because their overexpression enhances tolerances to drought, salt, freezing, as well as resistances to multiple diseases in the transgenic plants. The comprehensive analysis of physiological functions is useful in elucidating the biological roles of AP2/ERF family genes in gene interaction, pathway regulation, and defense response under stress environments, which should provide new opportunities for the crop tolerance engineering.
基金This research was supported by State Key Basic Research Program of China （2007CB108800）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30630008）, and the National HighTech Program of China （2007AA021501 ）.ACKNO WLEDGMENTS We thank CYP71AV1. discussions Ke-Xuan Tang for supplying the promoter sequence of We thank Ji-Rong Huang and Gao-Jie Hong for he pfu No conflict of interest declared
文摘Plants of Artemisia annua produce artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment. Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase （ADS）, a sesquiterpene synthase, and CYP71AV1, a P450 monooxygenase, are two key enzymes of the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway. Accumulation of artemisinin can be induced by the phytohormone jasmonate （JA）. Here, we report the characterization of two JA-responsive AP2 family transcription factors-AaERF1 and AaERF2-from A. annua L. Both genes were highly expressed in inflorescences and strongly induced by JA. Yeast one- hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA） showed that they were able to bind to the CRTDREHVCBF2 （CBF2） and RAVlAAT （RAA） motifs present in both ADS and CYP71AV1 promoters. Transient expression of either AaERF1 or AaERF2 in tobacco induced the promoter activities of ADS or CYP71AV1, and the transgenic A. annua plants overexpressing either transcription factor showed elevated transcript levels of both ADS and CYP71AV1, resulting in increased accumulation of artemisinin and artemisinic acid. By contrast, the contents of these two metabolites were reduced in the RNAi transgenic lines in which expression of AaERF1 or AaERF2 was suppressed. These results demonstrate that AaERF1 and AaERF2 are two positive regulators of artemisinin biosynthesis and are of great value in genetic engineering of arte- misinin production.
文摘药用植物作为中药和世界传统药物的主要来源,面临着资源稀缺和活性成分含量低等问题.通过转录水平调控发育相关基因及活性成分合成途径酶基因表达是实现定向、高效调节药用植物生长及活性成分合成的有效手段之一.因此,近年来转录因子调节药用植物发育及活性成分合成的研究备受关注.转录因子AP2/ERF家族是植物最大转录因子家族之一,家族成员均包含保守AP2结构域,根据结构域数量和识别序列不同,AP2/ERF家族被分为5个亚家族:AP2(APETALA2),ERF(ethylene-responsive factor),DREB(dehydration-responsive element binding proteins),RAV(related to ABI3/VP1)和Soloist.本文重点综述转录因子AP2/ERF调控药用植物活性成分生物合成、发育、胁迫响应的研究进展,阐述了转录因子AP2/ERF调控靶基因和自身受到调控的作用机制,同时总结转录因子AP2/ERF研究方法,提出组学和生物信息学方法成为分离、筛选转录因子,预测转录因子功能的强大工具,为分析、预测、验证药用植物AP2/ERF家族成员的功能和阐明AP2/ERF的调控机制提供理论基础和方法指导.转录因子AP2/ERF的功能研究及其作用机制的揭示将有助于利用代谢调控手段提高药用植物活性成分产量,有利于药用植物优良品种的培育,为满足人们对天然药物的需求奠定基础.
文摘Trichome formation has been extensively studied as a mechanistic model for epidermal cell differentiation and cell morphogenesis in plants. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying trichome formation （i.e., initiation and elongation） in rice remain largely unclear. Here, we report an AP2/ERF transcription factor, Hairy Leaf 6 （HL6）, which controls trichome formation in rice. Functional analyses revealed that HL6 transcriptionally regulates trichome elongation in rice, which is dependent on functional OsWOX3B, a homeodomain-containing protein that acts as a key regulator in trichome initiation. Biochemical and molecular genetic analyses demonstrated that HL6 physically interacts with OsWOX3B, and both of them regulate the expression of some auxin-related genes during trichome formation, in which OsWOX3B likely enhances the binding ability of HL6 with one of its direct target gene, OsYUCCA5. Popu- lation genetic analysis indicated that HL6 was under negative selection during rice domestication. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the molecular regulatory network of trichome formation in rice.
文摘植物AP2/ERF（APETALA 2/ethylene-responsive element binding factor）是一个庞大的转录因子超家族,其蛋白质中均含有1或2段60~70个氨基酸残基组成的AP2/ERF结构域,存在于所有植物中。AP2/ERF转录因子参与多种生物学过程,包括干旱、高盐、低温等逆境胁迫响应等。在植物受到逆境刺激后,脱落酸、乙烯等信号相应地被激活,并激活AP2/ERF转录因子的表达,从而调控功能基因的表达。文中对国内外近年来有关植物AP2/ERF类转录因子的分类、结构特点、分布、信号传导途径及基因调节等方面的研究进行了综述。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30490254)the Major Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2004CB117200 and 2002CB111303)
文摘Plant seed development and germination are under strict temporal and spatial regulation, and tran-scription factors play important roles in this regulation. In the present study we identified an EST ex-pressed specifically in the developing soybean seeds. The full length of the gene was obtained through further RACE analysis and the gene was named GmSGR. Sequence analysis revealed that this gene belonged to the AP2/ERF transcription factor family. Its AP2 domain had the highest similarity with that of the A-3 member AtABI4 of DREB subgroup in the AP2/ERF family in Arabidopsis. GmSGR did not exhibit transcriptional activation activity in the yeast assay system. GmSGR was overexpressed in Arabidopsis and the germination rates of the transgenic seeds were significantly higher than that of the wild type seeds under higher concentrations of ABA and glucose respectively. However, the germina-tion rates of the transgenic seeds were lower than that of control under salt stress. The expression of AtEm6 and AtRD29B was higher in the seedlings of the transgenic plants than that in the wild-type seedlings. These results suggest that GmSGR may confer reduced ABA sensitivity and enhanced salt sensitivity to the transgenic seeds through regulating the expression of AtEm6 and AtRD29B genes.
文摘AP2/ERF(APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor)是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,至少含有1个由60~70个高度保守的氨基酸组成的特有的AP2结构域,根据AP2结构域数量和相似性可划分为5个亚家族:AP2(APETALA2)、DREB(Dehydration-responsive element binding proteins)、ERF(Ethylene-responsive factor)、RAV(Related to AB13/VP)和Soloist。AP2/ERF转录因子通过AP2结构域中的YRG和RAYD保守元件与靶基因结合,实现对相关基因的转录调控功能。目前,AP2/ERF已成为研究植物抗逆机制和活性成分生物合成的热点候选基因,越来越多植物AP2/ERF家族及其成员被报道。本研究对近年来有关AP2/ERF家族的最新研究成果进行了总结,综述了AP2/ERF家族转录因子的结构特征与分类,重点介绍了该类转录因子调控植物次生代谢产物的合成以及参与生物、非生物胁迫应答等方面的研究进展,并展望了AP2/ERF转录因子可能的研究热点和领域,以期为今后进一步挖掘和利用该类转录因子基因进行植物遗传改良以及种质创新提供参考。
文摘应用电子克隆技术,以紫草AP2/ERF序列为探针,获得了新疆紫草的1条876 bp AP2/ERF的序列,包含1个1 077 bp的开放阅读框编码205个氨基酸,命名为AeAP2/ERF。采用生物信息学方法,对该基因所编码的蛋白从氨基酸组成、理化性质、亚细胞定位、跨膜结构域、疏水性/亲水性、高级结构及功能域等方面进行预测和分析,结果显示该基因编码蛋白定位于细胞核,为水溶性蛋白,可以调控代谢、转导信号。
