AIM: To investigate the mechanisms and effects of sphincter of Oddi(SO) motility on cholesterol gallbladder stone formation in guinea pigs.METHODS: Thirty-four adult male Hartley guinea pigs were divided randomly into...AIM: To investigate the mechanisms and effects of sphincter of Oddi(SO) motility on cholesterol gallbladder stone formation in guinea pigs.METHODS: Thirty-four adult male Hartley guinea pigs were divided randomly into two groups, the control group(n = 10) and the cholesterol gallstone group(n = 24), which was sequentially divided into four subgroups with six guinea pigs each according to time of sacrifice. The guinea pigs in the cholesterol gallstone group were fed a cholesterol lithogenic diet and sacrificed after 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk. SO manometry and recording of myoelectric activity were obtained by a multifunctional physiograph at each stage. Cholecystokinin-A receptor(CCKAR) expression levels in SO smooth muscle were detected by quantitative real-time PCR(q RT-PCR) and serum vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP), gastrin, and cholecystokinin octapeptide(CCK-8) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at each stage in the process of cholesterol gallstone formation.RESULTS: The gallstone formation rate was 0%, 0%, 16.7%, and 83.3% in the 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk groups, respectively. The frequency of myoelectric activity in the 9 wk group, the amplitude of myoelectric activity in the 9 and 12 wk groups, and the amplitude and the frequency of SO in the 9 wk group were all significantly decreased compared to the control group. The SO basal pressure and common bile duct pressure increased markedly in the 12 wk group, and the CCKAR expression levels increased in the 6 and 12 wk groups compared to the control group. Serum VIP was elevated significantly in the 9 and 12 wk groups and gastrin decreased significantly in the 3 and 9 wk groups. There was no difference in serum CCK-8 between the groups.CONCLUSION: A cholesterol gallstone-causing diet can induce SO dysfunction. The increasing tension of the SO along with its decreasing activity may play an important role in cholesterol gallstone formation. Expression changes of CCKAR in SO smooth muscle and serum VIP and CCK-8 may be important causes of SO dysfunction.展开更多
The lack of an effective medical treatment for gastroparesis has pushed the research of new techniques of gastric electrical stimulation (GES) for nearly half a century of experimentation with a large variety of elect...The lack of an effective medical treatment for gastroparesis has pushed the research of new techniques of gastric electrical stimulation (GES) for nearly half a century of experimentation with a large variety of electrical stimuli delivered to the gastric wall of animals and patients with gastroparesis. Three principal methods are currently available: gastric low-frequency/high-energy GES with long pulse stimulation, high-frequency/low-energy GES with short pulse stimulation and neural sequential GES. The first method aims to reset a regular slow wave rhythm, but has variable effects on contractions and requires devices with large and heavy batteries unsuitable for implantation. High-frequency/low-energy GES, although inadequate to restore a normal gastric electro-mechanical activity, improves dyspeptic symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, giving patients a better quality of life together with a more satisfactory nutritional status and is suitable for implantation. Unfortunately, the numerous clinical studies using this type of GES, with the exception of two, were not controlled and there is a need for definitive verification of the effectiveness of this technique to justify the cost and the risks of this procedure. The last method, which is neural sequential GES, consists of a microprocessor-controlled sequential activation of a series of annular electrodes along the distal two thirds of the stomach and is able to induce propagated contractions causing forceful emptying of the gastric content. The latter method is the most promising, but has been used only in animals and needs to be tested in patients with gastroparesis before it is regarded as a solution for this disease.展开更多
AIM： To study the direct correlation between gastric dysrhythrnias and in vivo gastric muscle tone. METHODS： Five healthy dogs were implanted with 4 pairs of electrodes along the greater curvature, with a strain gau...AIM： To study the direct correlation between gastric dysrhythrnias and in vivo gastric muscle tone. METHODS： Five healthy dogs were implanted with 4 pairs of electrodes along the greater curvature, with a strain gauge （SG） being sutured parallel to the distal electrodes （2 cm above the pylorus）. Intravenous vasopressin was given to induce gastric dysrhythrnia. The percentage of regular slow waves and SG energy were calculated. RESULTS： （1） the regularity of gastric rnyoelectric activity （GMA） was reduced during and after infusion of vasopressin; （2） SG energy was significantly decreased during the infusion of vasopressin; （3） the decrease in SG energy was well correlated with the reduction in GMA regularity; （4） SG energy was negatively correlated with bradygastria and tachygastria. CONCLUSION： Vasopressin inhibits gastric contractions and impairs gastric slow waves; gastric dysrhythrnias are associated with the reduced antral muscle contractions, and are indicative of antral hypornotility.展开更多
目的建立不同状态下家兔Oddi括约肌（sphincter of Oddi，SO）肌电活动实验模型。方法利用电生理方法记录家兔Oddi括约肌的肌电活动，并建立空腹、进食、药物兴奋和药物抑制等四种状态下Oddi括约肌肌电活动的实验模型。结果空腹状态下家...目的建立不同状态下家兔Oddi括约肌（sphincter of Oddi，SO）肌电活动实验模型。方法利用电生理方法记录家兔Oddi括约肌的肌电活动，并建立空腹、进食、药物兴奋和药物抑制等四种状态下Oddi括约肌肌电活动的实验模型。结果空腹状态下家兔SO肌电表现为规律的、单发性的锋电位（spike potentials of SO，SPSO）；禁食18h后，给予50ml牛奶，SO肌电表现为规律的、间断的肌电簇（myoelectronic activity of SO，MASO）；静脉注射1mg吗啡和2mg新斯的明后，SO肌电活动首先表现为数个长时间、不间断的SPSO组成的肌电串，120～150min内完全抑制，抑制期过后又恢复单个SPSO；静脉给予山莨菪硷1mg，SPSO随即消失。结论成功建立了四种状态下家兔Oddi括约肌肌电活动实验模型。展开更多
AIM To investigate the differences of metoclopramide (MCP) action on myoelectric activity of antrum and small intestine. METHODS Ten healthy male Wistar rats, weighing 250g～350g, were anesthetized with ketamine hy...AIM To investigate the differences of metoclopramide (MCP) action on myoelectric activity of antrum and small intestine. METHODS Ten healthy male Wistar rats, weighing 250g～350g, were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (100mg/kg, intramuscularly). Four pairs of bipolar stainless steel electrodes 3mm apart were implanted on serosal surface of antrum and 1, 10 and 20cm distal to pylorus respectively. Five to 10 days after operation, the gastrointestinal myoelectric activity of fasted rats after intramuscular injection of 2 5, 6 and 12mg/kg MCP respectively ws recorded with a 8 channel EEG machine, and was quantitatively compared with the myoelectric activity after saline injection. RESULTS In fasted rats, 2 5mg/kg MCP increased the amplitude of spike activity (402 0μV±138 4μV, vs 345 0μV±163 4μV, P <0 05) and the percentage of the slow wave containing spike bursts (60 4%±22 0% vs 47 4%±22 5%, P <0 01) of small intestine (1cm distal to pylorus), but did not affect the myoelectric activity of antrum. Six and 12mg/kg MCP increased the amplitude of both the slow wave (332 8μV±200 1μV vs 191 2μV±143 9μV, P <0 01; 330 0μV±197 1μV vs 191 2μV±143 9μV, P <0 05) and the spike activity (180 5μV±69 7μV vs 121 8μV±63 3μV, P <0 05; 174 5μV±71 7μV vs 123 8μV±63 3μV, P <0 05) of antrum, while in small intestine (1cm distal to pylorus) only that of the amplitude of spike activity (407 3μV±179 0μV vs 345 0μV±163 4μV, P <0 05; 456 0μV±145 4μV vs 345 0μV±163 4μV, P <0 05) and the percentage of the slow wave containing spike bursts (61 7%±26 5% vs 47 4%±22 5%, P <0 01; 59 1%±17 3% vs 47 4%±22 5%, P <0 01) was increased and with latent period significantly prolonged (2 5min±0 35min vs 0 77min±0 18min, P <0 01). CONCLUSION Different mechanisms may be involved in increasing the myoelectric activity of antrum and small intestine after MCP admi展开更多
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China,No.ZR 2012 HM-079
文摘AIM: To investigate the mechanisms and effects of sphincter of Oddi(SO) motility on cholesterol gallbladder stone formation in guinea pigs.METHODS: Thirty-four adult male Hartley guinea pigs were divided randomly into two groups, the control group(n = 10) and the cholesterol gallstone group(n = 24), which was sequentially divided into four subgroups with six guinea pigs each according to time of sacrifice. The guinea pigs in the cholesterol gallstone group were fed a cholesterol lithogenic diet and sacrificed after 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk. SO manometry and recording of myoelectric activity were obtained by a multifunctional physiograph at each stage. Cholecystokinin-A receptor(CCKAR) expression levels in SO smooth muscle were detected by quantitative real-time PCR(q RT-PCR) and serum vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP), gastrin, and cholecystokinin octapeptide(CCK-8) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at each stage in the process of cholesterol gallstone formation.RESULTS: The gallstone formation rate was 0%, 0%, 16.7%, and 83.3% in the 3, 6, 9, and 12 wk groups, respectively. The frequency of myoelectric activity in the 9 wk group, the amplitude of myoelectric activity in the 9 and 12 wk groups, and the amplitude and the frequency of SO in the 9 wk group were all significantly decreased compared to the control group. The SO basal pressure and common bile duct pressure increased markedly in the 12 wk group, and the CCKAR expression levels increased in the 6 and 12 wk groups compared to the control group. Serum VIP was elevated significantly in the 9 and 12 wk groups and gastrin decreased significantly in the 3 and 9 wk groups. There was no difference in serum CCK-8 between the groups.CONCLUSION: A cholesterol gallstone-causing diet can induce SO dysfunction. The increasing tension of the SO along with its decreasing activity may play an important role in cholesterol gallstone formation. Expression changes of CCKAR in SO smooth muscle and serum VIP and CCK-8 may be important causes of SO dysfunction.
文摘The lack of an effective medical treatment for gastroparesis has pushed the research of new techniques of gastric electrical stimulation (GES) for nearly half a century of experimentation with a large variety of electrical stimuli delivered to the gastric wall of animals and patients with gastroparesis. Three principal methods are currently available: gastric low-frequency/high-energy GES with long pulse stimulation, high-frequency/low-energy GES with short pulse stimulation and neural sequential GES. The first method aims to reset a regular slow wave rhythm, but has variable effects on contractions and requires devices with large and heavy batteries unsuitable for implantation. High-frequency/low-energy GES, although inadequate to restore a normal gastric electro-mechanical activity, improves dyspeptic symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, giving patients a better quality of life together with a more satisfactory nutritional status and is suitable for implantation. Unfortunately, the numerous clinical studies using this type of GES, with the exception of two, were not controlled and there is a need for definitive verification of the effectiveness of this technique to justify the cost and the risks of this procedure. The last method, which is neural sequential GES, consists of a microprocessor-controlled sequential activation of a series of annular electrodes along the distal two thirds of the stomach and is able to induce propagated contractions causing forceful emptying of the gastric content. The latter method is the most promising, but has been used only in animals and needs to be tested in patients with gastroparesis before it is regarded as a solution for this disease.
文摘AIM： To study the direct correlation between gastric dysrhythrnias and in vivo gastric muscle tone. METHODS： Five healthy dogs were implanted with 4 pairs of electrodes along the greater curvature, with a strain gauge （SG） being sutured parallel to the distal electrodes （2 cm above the pylorus）. Intravenous vasopressin was given to induce gastric dysrhythrnia. The percentage of regular slow waves and SG energy were calculated. RESULTS： （1） the regularity of gastric rnyoelectric activity （GMA） was reduced during and after infusion of vasopressin; （2） SG energy was significantly decreased during the infusion of vasopressin; （3） the decrease in SG energy was well correlated with the reduction in GMA regularity; （4） SG energy was negatively correlated with bradygastria and tachygastria. CONCLUSION： Vasopressin inhibits gastric contractions and impairs gastric slow waves; gastric dysrhythrnias are associated with the reduced antral muscle contractions, and are indicative of antral hypornotility.
文摘目的建立不同状态下家兔Oddi括约肌（sphincter of Oddi，SO）肌电活动实验模型。方法利用电生理方法记录家兔Oddi括约肌的肌电活动，并建立空腹、进食、药物兴奋和药物抑制等四种状态下Oddi括约肌肌电活动的实验模型。结果空腹状态下家兔SO肌电表现为规律的、单发性的锋电位（spike potentials of SO，SPSO）；禁食18h后，给予50ml牛奶，SO肌电表现为规律的、间断的肌电簇（myoelectronic activity of SO，MASO）；静脉注射1mg吗啡和2mg新斯的明后，SO肌电活动首先表现为数个长时间、不间断的SPSO组成的肌电串，120～150min内完全抑制，抑制期过后又恢复单个SPSO；静脉给予山莨菪硷1mg，SPSO随即消失。结论成功建立了四种状态下家兔Oddi括约肌肌电活动实验模型。
文摘AIM To investigate the differences of metoclopramide (MCP) action on myoelectric activity of antrum and small intestine. METHODS Ten healthy male Wistar rats, weighing 250g～350g, were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (100mg/kg, intramuscularly). Four pairs of bipolar stainless steel electrodes 3mm apart were implanted on serosal surface of antrum and 1, 10 and 20cm distal to pylorus respectively. Five to 10 days after operation, the gastrointestinal myoelectric activity of fasted rats after intramuscular injection of 2 5, 6 and 12mg/kg MCP respectively ws recorded with a 8 channel EEG machine, and was quantitatively compared with the myoelectric activity after saline injection. RESULTS In fasted rats, 2 5mg/kg MCP increased the amplitude of spike activity (402 0μV±138 4μV, vs 345 0μV±163 4μV, P <0 05) and the percentage of the slow wave containing spike bursts (60 4%±22 0% vs 47 4%±22 5%, P <0 01) of small intestine (1cm distal to pylorus), but did not affect the myoelectric activity of antrum. Six and 12mg/kg MCP increased the amplitude of both the slow wave (332 8μV±200 1μV vs 191 2μV±143 9μV, P <0 01; 330 0μV±197 1μV vs 191 2μV±143 9μV, P <0 05) and the spike activity (180 5μV±69 7μV vs 121 8μV±63 3μV, P <0 05; 174 5μV±71 7μV vs 123 8μV±63 3μV, P <0 05) of antrum, while in small intestine (1cm distal to pylorus) only that of the amplitude of spike activity (407 3μV±179 0μV vs 345 0μV±163 4μV, P <0 05; 456 0μV±145 4μV vs 345 0μV±163 4μV, P <0 05) and the percentage of the slow wave containing spike bursts (61 7%±26 5% vs 47 4%±22 5%, P <0 01; 59 1%±17 3% vs 47 4%±22 5%, P <0 01) was increased and with latent period significantly prolonged (2 5min±0 35min vs 0 77min±0 18min, P <0 01). CONCLUSION Different mechanisms may be involved in increasing the myoelectric activity of antrum and small intestine after MCP admi
