High performance is essential for the polyamide(PA)reverse osmosis(RO)membranes during the desalination process.Herein,RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties were fabricated by nanoparti...High performance is essential for the polyamide(PA)reverse osmosis(RO)membranes during the desalination process.Herein,RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties were fabricated by nanoparticles incorporation and anti-biofouling grafting.Hydrotalcite(HT)incorporation was performed with a dual role,enhancing water flux and acting as grafting sites.The HT incorporation increased the water flux without sacrificing the salt rejection,compensating for the loss caused by the following grafting reaction.The exposed surface of HT acted as grafting sites for anti-biofouling agent dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride(DMOTPAC).The combination of HT incorporation and DMOTPAC grafting endowed RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties.The water flux of the modified membrane PA-HT-0.06 was 49.8 L/m^(2)·h,which was 16.4%higher than that of the pristine membrane.The salt rejection of PA-HT-0.06 was 99.1%,which was comparable to that of the pristine membrane.As to the fouling of negatively charged lysozyme,the modified membrane’s water flux recovery was superior to that of the pristine membrane(e.g.86.8%of PA-HT-0.06 compared to 78.2%of PA-pristine).The sterilization rates of PA-HT-0.06 for E.coli and B.subtilis were 97.3%and 98.7%,much higher than those of the pristine membrane(24.0%for E.coli and 26.7%for B.subtilis).展开更多
作为大型海上风电场的关键构成设施,海上交流升压站是海上风电场电力送出的枢纽,它的设计优化对于整个风场建设和运行的经济性、可靠性、可利用性、可维护性和安全性等都起着非常重要的作用。国内首个海上交流升压站在2015年于中广核如...作为大型海上风电场的关键构成设施,海上交流升压站是海上风电场电力送出的枢纽,它的设计优化对于整个风场建设和运行的经济性、可靠性、可利用性、可维护性和安全性等都起着非常重要的作用。国内首个海上交流升压站在2015年于中广核如东风场投入运行[1],与成熟的陆上变电站系统相比,国内海上升压站无论是在设计还是运行方面都处于起步阶段,同时相关的设计标准和技术规范还不够完善,因此在恶劣的海洋环境工况下,对变电站用的电力变压器和GIS的技术设计要求和选用就变得尤为关键。基于丰富的欧洲海上升压站交付经验,西门子能源为国内十数个海上升压站成功交付和正在交付主要的电力设备:主变压器和高压GIS。虽然数十年来在陆上变电站中的应用经验使得这些产品在电气设计方面能完全满足海上升压站的应用需求,但其在机械设计和环境适应性等方面仍面临着更严酷的海上环境的挑战。此外海上平台及设备(含变电站)的初期投资成本高昂,同时后期进入海上升压站进行设备的维修也非常困难并且昂贵,如何通过前期的主设备设计选型来减少投资成本和维修成本也是值得关注的问题。文中先介绍了海上交流平台和海上电网的构成情况;再从设备的安全可靠、布局优化、安装调试以及后期运维等方面,基于实际的工程应用经验对海上升压站主变压器的设计和选型进行了阐述并提出了一些建议;随后给出了高压GIS在设计布置和选型时的主要考量和应对措施;最后对分布式模块化OTM海上变电站和风机66 k V集电系统等海上风电新技术和新需求进行了介绍和应用展望。文中,如无特殊说明,所有"海上升压站"的表述均特指海上交流升压站。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2018YFC0408002 and 2018YFE0196000)the Key Research Project of Shandong Province(China)(No.2019JZZY010806)+3 种基金Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(China)(ZR2020MB118)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21908257)the special Fund for Basic Scientific Research Business of Central Public Research Institutes(China)(Nos.K-JBYWF-2018-CR06,K-JBYWF-2018-HZ01)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(China)(No.20JCZDJC00460).
文摘High performance is essential for the polyamide(PA)reverse osmosis(RO)membranes during the desalination process.Herein,RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties were fabricated by nanoparticles incorporation and anti-biofouling grafting.Hydrotalcite(HT)incorporation was performed with a dual role,enhancing water flux and acting as grafting sites.The HT incorporation increased the water flux without sacrificing the salt rejection,compensating for the loss caused by the following grafting reaction.The exposed surface of HT acted as grafting sites for anti-biofouling agent dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride(DMOTPAC).The combination of HT incorporation and DMOTPAC grafting endowed RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties.The water flux of the modified membrane PA-HT-0.06 was 49.8 L/m^(2)·h,which was 16.4%higher than that of the pristine membrane.The salt rejection of PA-HT-0.06 was 99.1%,which was comparable to that of the pristine membrane.As to the fouling of negatively charged lysozyme,the modified membrane’s water flux recovery was superior to that of the pristine membrane(e.g.86.8%of PA-HT-0.06 compared to 78.2%of PA-pristine).The sterilization rates of PA-HT-0.06 for E.coli and B.subtilis were 97.3%and 98.7%,much higher than those of the pristine membrane(24.0%for E.coli and 26.7%for B.subtilis).
文摘作为大型海上风电场的关键构成设施,海上交流升压站是海上风电场电力送出的枢纽,它的设计优化对于整个风场建设和运行的经济性、可靠性、可利用性、可维护性和安全性等都起着非常重要的作用。国内首个海上交流升压站在2015年于中广核如东风场投入运行[1],与成熟的陆上变电站系统相比,国内海上升压站无论是在设计还是运行方面都处于起步阶段,同时相关的设计标准和技术规范还不够完善,因此在恶劣的海洋环境工况下,对变电站用的电力变压器和GIS的技术设计要求和选用就变得尤为关键。基于丰富的欧洲海上升压站交付经验,西门子能源为国内十数个海上升压站成功交付和正在交付主要的电力设备:主变压器和高压GIS。虽然数十年来在陆上变电站中的应用经验使得这些产品在电气设计方面能完全满足海上升压站的应用需求,但其在机械设计和环境适应性等方面仍面临着更严酷的海上环境的挑战。此外海上平台及设备(含变电站)的初期投资成本高昂,同时后期进入海上升压站进行设备的维修也非常困难并且昂贵,如何通过前期的主设备设计选型来减少投资成本和维修成本也是值得关注的问题。文中先介绍了海上交流平台和海上电网的构成情况;再从设备的安全可靠、布局优化、安装调试以及后期运维等方面,基于实际的工程应用经验对海上升压站主变压器的设计和选型进行了阐述并提出了一些建议;随后给出了高压GIS在设计布置和选型时的主要考量和应对措施;最后对分布式模块化OTM海上变电站和风机66 k V集电系统等海上风电新技术和新需求进行了介绍和应用展望。文中,如无特殊说明,所有"海上升压站"的表述均特指海上交流升压站。
