As the chronicle of plate motions through time, paleogeography is fundamental to our understanding of plate tectonics and its role in shaping the geology of the present-day. To properly appreciate the history of tecto...As the chronicle of plate motions through time, paleogeography is fundamental to our understanding of plate tectonics and its role in shaping the geology of the present-day. To properly appreciate the history of tectonics--and its influence on the deep Earth and climate-it is imperative to seek an accurate and global model of paleogeography. However, owing to the incessant loss of oceanic lithosphere through subduction, the paleogeographic reconstruction of ＇full-plates＇ （including oceanic lithosphere） becomes increasingly challenging with age. Prior to 150 Ma ~60% of the lithosphere is missing and re- constructions are developed without explicit regard for oceanic lithosphere or plate tectonic principles; in effect, reflecting the earlier mobilistic paradigm of continental drift. Although these ＇continental＇ re- constructions have been immensely useful, the next-generation of mantle models requires global plate kinematic descriptions with full-plate reconstructions. Moreover, in disregarding （or only loosely applying） plate tectonic rules, continental reconstructions fail to take advantage of a wealth of additional information in the form of practical constraints. Following a series of new developments, both in geo- dynamic theory and analytical tools, it is now feasible to construct full-plate models that lend themselves to testing by the wider Earth-science community. Such a model is presented here for the late Paleozoic （410-250 Ma） together with a review of the underlying data. Although we expect this model to be particularly useful for numerical mantle modeling, we hope that it will also serve as a general framework for understanding late Paleozoic tectonics, one on which future improvements can be built and further tested.展开更多
BACKGROUND To our knowledge,no study has obtained specific estimates of depression for young and middle-aged adults with visual impairment(VI).As estimates of depression varies across age groups in the general populat...BACKGROUND To our knowledge,no study has obtained specific estimates of depression for young and middle-aged adults with visual impairment(VI).As estimates of depression varies across age groups in the general population,it is of interest to examine whether the same applies to adults with low vision or blindness.AIM To estimate depression prevalence and its association with VI-related characteristics and life satisfaction in adults with VI.METHODS A telephone-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and May 2017 in an age-stratified sample of adults who were members of the Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted.Participants were asked questions about their sociodemographic characteristics,VI characteristics,and life satisfaction.Depression was measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire.The diagnostic scoring algorithm was used to calculate the point prevalence of depression(i.e.,major depression and other depressive disorders)across categories of gender and age(years:18-35,36-50,51-65,≥66).The associations were estimated using regression models.RESULTS Overall,736 adults participated in the study(response rate:61%).The prevalence estimates of depression varied across different age groups,ranging from 11.1%-22.8%in women and 9.4%-16.5%in men,with the highest rates for the two youngest age groups.Results from the multivariable models including sociodemographic and VI-related variables showed that losing vision late in life[Prevalence ratio(PR),1.76,95%CI:1.11,2.79]and having other impairments(PR:1.88,95%CI:1.32,2.67)were associated with higher rates of depression,whereas older age was associated with lower rates(PR:0.83,95%CI:0.74,0.93).Additionally,participants who were depressed had lower life satisfaction than those who were not depressed(adjustedβ:-2.36,95%CI:-2.75,-1.98).CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that depression in adults with VI,and especially among young and middle-aged adults,warrants greater attention by user organisations,clinicians,and healthcare authoriti展开更多
Chemotherapy with improved effect in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer has recently been established, launching a new era for patients with this very aggressive disease. FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine plus nab-pa...Chemotherapy with improved effect in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer has recently been established, launching a new era for patients with this very aggressive disease. FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel are different regimens, both capable of stabilizing the disease, thus increasing the number of patients who can reach second line and even third line of treatment. Concurrently, new windows of opportunity open for nutritional support and other therapeutic interventions, improving quality of life. Also pancreatic surgery has changed significantly during the latest years. Extended operations, including vascular/multivisceral resections are frequently performed in specialized centers, pushing borders of resectability. Potentially curative treatment including neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy is offered new patient groups. Translational research is the basis for the essential understanding of the ongoing development. Even thou biomarkers for clinical management of patients with periampullary tumors have almost been lacking, biomarker driven trials are now in progress. New insight is constantly made available for clinicians; one recent example is selection of patients for gemcitabine treatment based on the expression level of the human equilibrium nucleoside transporter 1. An example of new diagnostic tools is identification of early pancreatic cancer patients by a three-biomarker panel in urine: The proteins lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1, regenerating gene 1 alpha and translation elongation factor 1 alpha. Requirement of treatment guideline revisions is intensifying, as combined chemotherapy regimens result in unexpected advantages. The European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer 4 trial outcome is an illustration: Addition of capecitabine in the adjuvant setting improved overall survival more than expected from the effect in advanced disease. Rapid implementation of new treatment options is mandatory when progress finally extends to patients with this serious disease.展开更多
AIM To examine associated factors of bullying and to determine associations between bullying and psychosocial outcomes among individuals with visual impairments(Ⅵ). METHODS We conducted an age-stratified cross-sectio...AIM To examine associated factors of bullying and to determine associations between bullying and psychosocial outcomes among individuals with visual impairments(Ⅵ). METHODS We conducted an age-stratified cross-sectional survey of adults with Ⅵ who were recruited from the Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted. Data were collected through structural telephone interviews in the period between February and May, 2017. Linear regression models were used to examine factors related to bullying and associations of bullying with self-efficacy and life satisfaction.RESULTS A total of 736 individuals were interviewed. The lifetime and 6-mo prevalence of bullying was 41.7% and8.2%, respectively. The majority of bullied participants reported Ⅵ-specific bullying(65.1%). Victimization of bullying was associated with young age, early onsetage of Ⅵ, and having other impairments. Participants who reported bullying had lower levels of self-efficacy[Adjusted relative risk(ARR): 0.40, 95% confidence interval(CI): 0.19-0.85] and life satisfaction(ARR: 0.68,95%CI: 0.51-0.91).CONCLUSION Bullying is highly prevalent among individuals withⅥ. Our findings suggest that interventions to reduce bullying may be beneficial for improving the well-being and life quality of people with Ⅵ.展开更多
Treatment of pancreatic cancer is multimodal and surgery is an essential part,mandatory for curative potential.Also chemotherapy is essential,and serious postoperative complications or rapid disease progression may pr...Treatment of pancreatic cancer is multimodal and surgery is an essential part,mandatory for curative potential.Also chemotherapy is essential,and serious postoperative complications or rapid disease progression may preclude completion of multimodal treatment.The sequence of treatment interventions has therefore become an important concern,and numerous ongoing randomized controlled trials compare clinical outcome after upfront surgery and neoadjuvant treatment with subsequent resection.In previous years,borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer was most often considered unresectable.More effective chemotherapy together with the latest improvements in surgical expertise has resulted in extended operations,pushing the borders of resectability.Multivisceral resections with or without resection of major mesen-teric vessels are now performed in numerous patients,resulting in better outcome,recorded as overall survival and/or patient reported outcome.But postoperative morbidity increases concurrently,and clinical benefit must be carefully evaluated against risk of potential harm,associated with new comprehensive multimodal treatment sequences.Even though cost/utility analyses are deficient,extended surgery has resulted in signifi-cantly longer and better life for many patients with no other treatment alternative.Improved selection of patients to surgery and/or chemotherapy will in the near future be possible,based on better tumor biology insight.Clinically available biomarkers enabling personalized treatment are forthcoming,but these options are still limited.The importance of surgical resection for each patient’s prognosis is presently increasing,justifying sustained expansion of the surgical treatment modality.展开更多
Our understanding of sexual selection has greatly improved during the last decades. The focus is no longer solely on males, but also on how female competition and male mate choice shape ornamentation and other sexuall...Our understanding of sexual selection has greatly improved during the last decades. The focus is no longer solely on males, but also on how female competition and male mate choice shape ornamentation and other sexually selected traits in females. At the same time, the focus has shifted from documenting sexual selection to exploring variation and spatiotemporal dynamics of sexual selection, and their evolutionary consequences. Here, I review insights from a model system with exceptionally dynamic sexual selection, the two-spotted goby fish Gobiusculus flavescens. The species displays a complete reversal of sex roles over a 3-month breeding season. The reversal is driven by a dramatic change in the operational sex ratio, which is heavily male-biased at the start of the season and heavily female-biased late in the season. Early in the season, breeding-ready males outnumber mature females, causing males to be highly competitive, and leading to sexual selection on males. Late in the season, mating-ready females are in excess, engage more in courtship and aggression than males, and rarely reject mating opportunities. With typically many females simultaneously courting available males late in the season, males become selective and prefer more colorful females. This variable sexual selection regime likely explains why both male and female G. flavescens have ornamental colors. The G. flavescens model system reveals that sexual behavior and sexual selection can be astonishingly dynamic in response to short-term fluctuations in mating competition. Future work should explore whether sexual selection is equally dynamic on a spatial scale, and related spatiotemporal dynamics.展开更多
Forest pasturing of free-roaming livestock is a common prac- tice in many parts of the world, but knowledge on how it affects tree regeneration in boreal forests is lacking. We mapped tree density, live- stock site us...Forest pasturing of free-roaming livestock is a common prac- tice in many parts of the world, but knowledge on how it affects tree regeneration in boreal forests is lacking. We mapped tree density, live- stock site use and accumulated damage to young trees of commercial interest （Norway spruce, Picea abies L. Karst.） on 56 clearcuts inside and outside a fenced forest area used for livestock pasturing in Ringsaker, Norway. Inside the fence 56-1.8% of spruce trees were damaged com- pared to 37-3.4% outside. Proportion of damaged spruce trees was posi- tively related to cattle use of the clearcut, but not so for sheep. On the most intensively used clearcuts, four out of five trees were damaged. The density of deciduous trees was five times lower inside compared to out- side of the fence （varying with plant species）. While livestock grazing may reduce resource competition in favour of spruce, the current animal density clearly is impeding forest regeneration in the study area.展开更多
Contamination of food with spoilage bacteria and pathogens from food processing environment remains a challenge for the food industry. Bacteria able to persist in such environments over time must survive several hygie...Contamination of food with spoilage bacteria and pathogens from food processing environment remains a challenge for the food industry. Bacteria able to persist in such environments over time must survive several hygienic hurdles. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria surviving practical disinfection and compare their survival abilities with representative isolates of the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Bacteria isolated from processing surfaces after cleaning and disinfection in a meat abattoir were identified. Selected isolates of the most frequently isolated bacterial genera along with eight meat associated L. monocytogenes were further characterized with regard to biofilm formation abilities at 12℃ and 20℃, tolerance to desiccation (stainless steel at 70% RH at 12℃) and bactericidal effects of recommended in-use-concentrations of four commercial disinfectants on stainless steel surface. The most dominating bacterial genera based on counts on non-selective agar were Aerococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Staphylococcus. Isolates of Citrobacter. Enterobacter and Serratia dominated on agar plates selective for Enterobacteriaceae. In general, Gram negative bacteria formed more biofilm than Gram positives, especially at 12℃ with the best biofilm formers being Acinetobacter, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas. Listeria monocytogenes were poor biofilm formers. Gram positives survived better air drying than Gram negatives. Strains of L. monocytogenes were more sensitive to desiccation than the other Gram positives;Aerococcus, Kocuria and Staphylococcus. Two disinfectants containing peracetic acid and a disinfectant containing alkylaminoacetate had limited or no antibacterial effect against bacteria dried on stainless steel. A quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectant provided >2 log reductions of Aerococcus, Acinetobacter and Listeria. Only 0.5 log reductions were obtained against Staphylococcus and no bactericidal effect against Serratia. In this study the dominating flora in a meat aba展开更多
Background:The Siberian moth(Dendrolimus sibiricus)is a serious pest of conifers in Russia,Northern Kazakhstan,Mongolia and China.The western border of the pest’s distribution in Russia is disputed,but it is present ...Background:The Siberian moth(Dendrolimus sibiricus)is a serious pest of conifers in Russia,Northern Kazakhstan,Mongolia and China.The western border of the pest’s distribution in Russia is disputed,but it is present west of the 60th meridian east.The pest has the potential to defoliate a wide range of conifers.Results:The pest is not present in Norway or other European countries,except Russia.Natural spread and human mediated transport are potential pathways for the pest.Human mediated pathways considered are:Living trees for planting,coniferous wood in the rough and foliage and branches.There has been no import of living trees from Russia to Norway during the past 30 years,and there is currently no import of coniferous wood commodities containing bark from areas,where D.sibiricus occurs.Conclusions:The probability of D.sibiricus entry by natural spread is unlikely,mainly because of the geographical distance and the partial sea barriers between Norway and the infested areas.The probability of entry by human mediated pathways is unlikely due to the very limited volume of the import.Should the pest enter Norway,the probability of establishment and spread is unlikely,due to the suboptimal climatic conditions,and the fact that the two dominant conifers in the country,Norway spruce(Picea abies)and Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris),are intermediate and poor hosts,respectively.The potential damage,should D.sibiricus enter Norway,is considered low.展开更多
Nepal lies on the southern slope of Himalaya in Asia. In a width ranging between 150 and 250 km, the altitude varies greatly from about 100 m at its southern border to a maximum of 8848 min the northern part. Like the...Nepal lies on the southern slope of Himalaya in Asia. In a width ranging between 150 and 250 km, the altitude varies greatly from about 100 m at its southern border to a maximum of 8848 min the northern part. Like the variation in altitude, climatic condition varies quite a lot. Long-term monthly mean erythemal UV daily dose values for Nepal are evaluated using Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （TOMS） estimation from the time of its overpass between 1996 and 2003. The results are presented as summer and winter maps of mean UV levels in each satellite grid. The mean winter erythemal UV daily dose ranges between 2.1 and 3.6 kJ m-2 whereas summer values are found to lie between 4.6 and 9.7 kJ m-2. The altitude variation increases the UV levels by about 0.2 kJ km-1 in winter months, and 0.9 kJ km-1 in summer. A multiyear monthly average erythemal daily dose in most of the areas shows that the summer value is about three times higher than that in winter. Although year-to-year variation is not pronounced in high- and mid-elevation regions, UV levels seemed to decrease from 1997 to 2002 in the southern part of the country in the low elevation region by about 5.35%. Due to the combined effects of the altitude, low ozone concentration in the troposphere, and thin air, surface UV radiation at higher altitudes is found to be higher than in the surrounding regions.展开更多
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) react non-enzymatically with tissue proteins to form irreversible structures involved in atherosclerosis, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and wound healing. Studies on AGE-...Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) react non-enzymatically with tissue proteins to form irreversible structures involved in atherosclerosis, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and wound healing. Studies on AGE-inhibitors have demonstrated possible prevention of diabetes complications. The present open label study was conducted on aminoguanidine (AGu), an inhibitor of AGE-formation, to examine potential effects on wound healing in diabetes type 2-like db/db mice during 5 - 6 weeks. The animals were divided into 4 groups: AGu from the day of wounding (day 0) topically and/or systemically in drinking water (1 g/L;group 1, n = 13);AGu 1 g/L in drinking water from 7 weeks prior to day 0 (group 2, n = 21);AGu 5 g/L in drinking water from 9 - 11 weeks prior to day 0 (group 3, n = 6);placebo controls (group 4, n = 8). Results: Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) was significantly lower in group 3 compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Percentage change in A1C and body weight from baseline to the end of the experiment were both related to the AGu doses (1 or 5 g/L;A1C-change, P = 0.01;weight-change, P = 0.04, both for linear trend across groups 4, 2, and 3, respectively). Even so, percentage wound closure was not improved in the AGu-treated groups compared to controls (P ≥ 0.8).展开更多
Introduction: Dental anomalies have been widely examined, but no such studies have been conducted in Norway. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of dental anomalies and investigate their possible a...Introduction: Dental anomalies have been widely examined, but no such studies have been conducted in Norway. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of dental anomalies and investigate their possible association with gender and dental occlusion. Methods: Panoramic radiographs and study models of 500, 12-year-old school children (273 girls, 227 boys) were analyzed for the presence of dental anomalies including agenesis, taurodontism, pulp stones, microdontia, macrodontia, impaction, short roots, supernumerary teeth, ectopic eruption and transposition. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the Angle classification (Class Ι, n = 252. Class ΙΙ, n = 227. Class ΙΙΙ, n = 21). Percentages and chi-square test were used for evaluation of the data. Results: In this population 28.2% of the subjects showed at least one dental anomaly. Statistically significant associations were observed between agenesis and Angle Class II dental occlusion (P = 0.03), and between agenesis and gender (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Agenesis was a predominant dental anomaly in girls and was found twice as often in subjects with Class ΙΙ, than with Class Ι dental occlusion.展开更多
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive cancers,and the decline in mortality observed in most other cancer diseases,has so far not taken place in pancreatic cancer.Complete tumor resection is a require...Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive cancers,and the decline in mortality observed in most other cancer diseases,has so far not taken place in pancreatic cancer.Complete tumor resection is a requirement for potential cure,and the reorganization of care in the direction of high patient-volume centers,offering multimodal treatment,has improved survival and Quality of Life.Also the rates and severity grade of complications are improving in high-volume pancreatic centers.One of the major problems worldwide is underutilization of surgery in resectable pancreatic cancer.Suboptimal investigation,follow up and oncological treatment outside specialized centers are additional key problems.New chemotherapeutic regimens like FOLFIRINOX have improved survival in patients with metastatic disease,and different adjuvant treatment options result in well documented survival benefit.Neoadjuvant treatment is highly relevant,but needs further evaluation.Also adjuvant immunotherapy,in the form of vaccination with synthetic K-Ras-peptides,has been shown to produce long term immunological memory in cytotoxic T-cells in long term survivors.Improvement in clinical outcome is already achievable and further progress is expected in the near future for patients treated with curative as well as palliative intention.展开更多
The laparoscopic technique in distal pancreatic resection(LDP) has been widely accepted, and outcome data support the hypothesis that survival is improved,partly due to improved postoperative safety and recovery, thus...The laparoscopic technique in distal pancreatic resection(LDP) has been widely accepted, and outcome data support the hypothesis that survival is improved,partly due to improved postoperative safety and recovery, thus optimizing treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy. But laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy(LPD or Whipple-procedures) has spread more slowly, due to the complexity of the procedure. Surgical safety has been a problem in hospitals with low patient volume, resulting in raised postoperative mortality, requiring careful monitoring of outcome during the surgical learning curve. Robotic assistance is expected to improve surgical safety, but data on long term oncological outcome of laparoscopic Whipple procedures with or without robotic assistance is scarce. Future research should still focus surgical safety, but most importantly long term outcome, recorded as recurrence at maximal follow up or-at best-overall long term survival(OS). Available data show median survival above 2.5 years, five year OS more than 30% after LDP even in series with suboptimal adjuvant chemotherapy. Also after LPD, long term survival is reported equal to or longer than open resection. However, surgical safety during the learning curve of LPD is a problem, which hopefully can be facilitated by robotic assistance. Patient reported outcome should also be an endpoint in future trials, including patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.展开更多
BACKGROUND High-dose intravenous iron is an effective treatment option for iron deficiency(ID)or ID anaemia(IDA)in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).However,treatment with ferric carboxymaltose(FCM)has been associated w...BACKGROUND High-dose intravenous iron is an effective treatment option for iron deficiency(ID)or ID anaemia(IDA)in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).However,treatment with ferric carboxymaltose(FCM)has been associated with the development of hypophosphatemia.AIM To investigate mechanisms behind the development of hypophosphatemia after intravenous iron treatment,and disclose symptoms and clinical manifestations related to hypophosphatemia short-term.METHODS A prospective observational study of adult IBD patients with ID or IDA was conducted between February 1,2017 and July 1,2018 at two separate university hospitals in the southeast region of Norway.Patients received one dose of 1000 mg of either FCM or ferric derisomaltose(FDI)and were followed for an observation period of at least 7 wk.Blood and urine samples were collected for relevant analyses at baseline,week 2 and at week 6.Clinical symptoms were assessed at the same timepoints using a respiratory function test,a visual analogue scale,and a health-related quality of life questionnaire.RESULTS A total of 106 patients was available for analysis in this study.The FCM treatment group consisted of 52 patients and hypophosphatemia was present in 72.5%of the patients at week 2,and in 21.6%at week 6.In comparison,the FDI treatment group consisted of 54 patients and 11.3%of the patients had hypophosphatemia at week 2,and 3.7%at week 6.The difference in incidence was highly significant at both week 2 and 6(P<0.001 and P<0.013,respectively).We observed a significantly higher mean concentration of intact fibroblast growth factor 23(P<0.001),a significant rise in mean urine fractional excretion of phosphate(P=0.004),a significant decrease of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(P<0.001)and of ionised calcium levels(P<0.012)in the FCM-treated patients compared with patients who received FDI.No clinical symptoms could with certainty be related to hypophosphatemia,since neither the respiratory function test,SF-36(36-item short form health survey)or the visual analogue scale scores result展开更多
BACKGROUND High risk of alcohol and drug use disorders in people with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)calls for exploratory research of relationships with clinical features of ADHD.AIM To estimate prevale...BACKGROUND High risk of alcohol and drug use disorders in people with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)calls for exploratory research of relationships with clinical features of ADHD.AIM To estimate prevalence of alcohol/drug use disorders and associations with ADHD symptom severity and emotional dysregulation,in adults with ADHD.METHODS This observational cross-sectional clinical study consisted of patients admitted to a private psychiatric outpatient clinic in Oslo,Norway(2014-2018).Five-hundred and fifty-eight eligible patients diagnosed with ADHD(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5)criteria)agreed to participate.Alcohol and drug use disorders were diagnosed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview(MINI).Dependence and abuse were merged into“use”disorder as in MINI version 7.0/DSM-5.Questions were related both to lifetime and the past 12-mo.ADHD severity was assessed by the Adult ADHD Self Report Scale(ASRS).Subdivisions of the ASRS questionnaire as inattentive items and hyperactive/impulsivity items were recorded separately.Emotional dysregulation was assessed by the eight-item version of Barkley’s Current Behavior Scale-Self Report.RESULTS The 12-mo prevalence was 5.3%for alcohol use disorder and 13.7%for drug use disorder.The lifetime prevalence was 12.0%for alcohol use disorder and 27.7%for drug use disorder.Men had higher rates of both alcohol use disorder and drug use disorder compared to women.The prevalence of drug use disorder was more than twice that of alcohol use disorder for both sexes.The drugs most participants reported having used were(in descending order):Amphetamine(19.1%),cannabis(17.1%),cocaine or ecstasy(7.4%),benzodiazepines(7.4%),and heroin or other opioids(2.9%).Lifetime drug use disorder was significantly associated with both hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms and emotional dysregulation symptom severity.Lifetime alcohol use disorder,on the other hand,was not significantly associated with ADHD symptoms or emotional d展开更多
基金The European Research Council under the Euro-pean Union's Seventh Framework Programme(FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Advanced Grant Agreement Number 267631(Beyond Plate Tectonics)the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme,project number 223272(CEED)are acknowledged for financial support
文摘As the chronicle of plate motions through time, paleogeography is fundamental to our understanding of plate tectonics and its role in shaping the geology of the present-day. To properly appreciate the history of tectonics--and its influence on the deep Earth and climate-it is imperative to seek an accurate and global model of paleogeography. However, owing to the incessant loss of oceanic lithosphere through subduction, the paleogeographic reconstruction of ＇full-plates＇ （including oceanic lithosphere） becomes increasingly challenging with age. Prior to 150 Ma ~60% of the lithosphere is missing and re- constructions are developed without explicit regard for oceanic lithosphere or plate tectonic principles; in effect, reflecting the earlier mobilistic paradigm of continental drift. Although these ＇continental＇ re- constructions have been immensely useful, the next-generation of mantle models requires global plate kinematic descriptions with full-plate reconstructions. Moreover, in disregarding （or only loosely applying） plate tectonic rules, continental reconstructions fail to take advantage of a wealth of additional information in the form of practical constraints. Following a series of new developments, both in geo- dynamic theory and analytical tools, it is now feasible to construct full-plate models that lend themselves to testing by the wider Earth-science community. Such a model is presented here for the late Paleozoic （410-250 Ma） together with a review of the underlying data. Although we expect this model to be particularly useful for numerical mantle modeling, we hope that it will also serve as a general framework for understanding late Paleozoic tectonics, one on which future improvements can be built and further tested.
基金European Commission,Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations,No.ECHO/SUB/2015/718665/PREP17the Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted,No.S23/2017,No.S20/2018 and No.S12/2019.
文摘BACKGROUND To our knowledge,no study has obtained specific estimates of depression for young and middle-aged adults with visual impairment(VI).As estimates of depression varies across age groups in the general population,it is of interest to examine whether the same applies to adults with low vision or blindness.AIM To estimate depression prevalence and its association with VI-related characteristics and life satisfaction in adults with VI.METHODS A telephone-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and May 2017 in an age-stratified sample of adults who were members of the Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted.Participants were asked questions about their sociodemographic characteristics,VI characteristics,and life satisfaction.Depression was measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire.The diagnostic scoring algorithm was used to calculate the point prevalence of depression(i.e.,major depression and other depressive disorders)across categories of gender and age(years:18-35,36-50,51-65,≥66).The associations were estimated using regression models.RESULTS Overall,736 adults participated in the study(response rate:61%).The prevalence estimates of depression varied across different age groups,ranging from 11.1%-22.8%in women and 9.4%-16.5%in men,with the highest rates for the two youngest age groups.Results from the multivariable models including sociodemographic and VI-related variables showed that losing vision late in life[Prevalence ratio(PR),1.76,95%CI:1.11,2.79]and having other impairments(PR:1.88,95%CI:1.32,2.67)were associated with higher rates of depression,whereas older age was associated with lower rates(PR:0.83,95%CI:0.74,0.93).Additionally,participants who were depressed had lower life satisfaction than those who were not depressed(adjustedβ:-2.36,95%CI:-2.75,-1.98).CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that depression in adults with VI,and especially among young and middle-aged adults,warrants greater attention by user organisations,clinicians,and healthcare authoriti
文摘Chemotherapy with improved effect in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer has recently been established, launching a new era for patients with this very aggressive disease. FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel are different regimens, both capable of stabilizing the disease, thus increasing the number of patients who can reach second line and even third line of treatment. Concurrently, new windows of opportunity open for nutritional support and other therapeutic interventions, improving quality of life. Also pancreatic surgery has changed significantly during the latest years. Extended operations, including vascular/multivisceral resections are frequently performed in specialized centers, pushing borders of resectability. Potentially curative treatment including neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy is offered new patient groups. Translational research is the basis for the essential understanding of the ongoing development. Even thou biomarkers for clinical management of patients with periampullary tumors have almost been lacking, biomarker driven trials are now in progress. New insight is constantly made available for clinicians; one recent example is selection of patients for gemcitabine treatment based on the expression level of the human equilibrium nucleoside transporter 1. An example of new diagnostic tools is identification of early pancreatic cancer patients by a three-biomarker panel in urine: The proteins lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1, regenerating gene 1 alpha and translation elongation factor 1 alpha. Requirement of treatment guideline revisions is intensifying, as combined chemotherapy regimens result in unexpected advantages. The European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer 4 trial outcome is an illustration: Addition of capecitabine in the adjuvant setting improved overall survival more than expected from the effect in advanced disease. Rapid implementation of new treatment options is mandatory when progress finally extends to patients with this serious disease.
基金the European Commission,Directorate General Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection,No.ECHO SUB/2015/718665/PREP17a part o the European Network for Psychosocial Crisis Management Assisting Disabled in Case of Disaster(EUNAD)
文摘AIM To examine associated factors of bullying and to determine associations between bullying and psychosocial outcomes among individuals with visual impairments(Ⅵ). METHODS We conducted an age-stratified cross-sectional survey of adults with Ⅵ who were recruited from the Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted. Data were collected through structural telephone interviews in the period between February and May, 2017. Linear regression models were used to examine factors related to bullying and associations of bullying with self-efficacy and life satisfaction.RESULTS A total of 736 individuals were interviewed. The lifetime and 6-mo prevalence of bullying was 41.7% and8.2%, respectively. The majority of bullied participants reported Ⅵ-specific bullying(65.1%). Victimization of bullying was associated with young age, early onsetage of Ⅵ, and having other impairments. Participants who reported bullying had lower levels of self-efficacy[Adjusted relative risk(ARR): 0.40, 95% confidence interval(CI): 0.19-0.85] and life satisfaction(ARR: 0.68,95%CI: 0.51-0.91).CONCLUSION Bullying is highly prevalent among individuals withⅥ. Our findings suggest that interventions to reduce bullying may be beneficial for improving the well-being and life quality of people with Ⅵ.
文摘Treatment of pancreatic cancer is multimodal and surgery is an essential part,mandatory for curative potential.Also chemotherapy is essential,and serious postoperative complications or rapid disease progression may preclude completion of multimodal treatment.The sequence of treatment interventions has therefore become an important concern,and numerous ongoing randomized controlled trials compare clinical outcome after upfront surgery and neoadjuvant treatment with subsequent resection.In previous years,borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer was most often considered unresectable.More effective chemotherapy together with the latest improvements in surgical expertise has resulted in extended operations,pushing the borders of resectability.Multivisceral resections with or without resection of major mesen-teric vessels are now performed in numerous patients,resulting in better outcome,recorded as overall survival and/or patient reported outcome.But postoperative morbidity increases concurrently,and clinical benefit must be carefully evaluated against risk of potential harm,associated with new comprehensive multimodal treatment sequences.Even though cost/utility analyses are deficient,extended surgery has resulted in signifi-cantly longer and better life for many patients with no other treatment alternative.Improved selection of patients to surgery and/or chemotherapy will in the near future be possible,based on better tumor biology insight.Clinically available biomarkers enabling personalized treatment are forthcoming,but these options are still limited.The importance of surgical resection for each patient’s prognosis is presently increasing,justifying sustained expansion of the surgical treatment modality.
基金The work on which this review article is based has been funded by grants from the Research Council of Norway [Gram Nos. 133553, 146744, 166596, and 178444], the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nordic Marine Academy, the EU Transnational Access to Research Infrastructures Scheme, the Nordic Council program NORDFORSK, and the National Science Foundation [USA, Grant No. OISE/0701086].
文摘Our understanding of sexual selection has greatly improved during the last decades. The focus is no longer solely on males, but also on how female competition and male mate choice shape ornamentation and other sexually selected traits in females. At the same time, the focus has shifted from documenting sexual selection to exploring variation and spatiotemporal dynamics of sexual selection, and their evolutionary consequences. Here, I review insights from a model system with exceptionally dynamic sexual selection, the two-spotted goby fish Gobiusculus flavescens. The species displays a complete reversal of sex roles over a 3-month breeding season. The reversal is driven by a dramatic change in the operational sex ratio, which is heavily male-biased at the start of the season and heavily female-biased late in the season. Early in the season, breeding-ready males outnumber mature females, causing males to be highly competitive, and leading to sexual selection on males. Late in the season, mating-ready females are in excess, engage more in courtship and aggression than males, and rarely reject mating opportunities. With typically many females simultaneously courting available males late in the season, males become selective and prefer more colorful females. This variable sexual selection regime likely explains why both male and female G. flavescens have ornamental colors. The G. flavescens model system reveals that sexual behavior and sexual selection can be astonishingly dynamic in response to short-term fluctuations in mating competition. Future work should explore whether sexual selection is equally dynamic on a spatial scale, and related spatiotemporal dynamics.
基金partly funded by the Research Council of Norway,project#215647/E40(Intensified harvesting of forests–implications for enterprises related to wild and domestic ungulates)
文摘Forest pasturing of free-roaming livestock is a common prac- tice in many parts of the world, but knowledge on how it affects tree regeneration in boreal forests is lacking. We mapped tree density, live- stock site use and accumulated damage to young trees of commercial interest （Norway spruce, Picea abies L. Karst.） on 56 clearcuts inside and outside a fenced forest area used for livestock pasturing in Ringsaker, Norway. Inside the fence 56-1.8% of spruce trees were damaged com- pared to 37-3.4% outside. Proportion of damaged spruce trees was posi- tively related to cattle use of the clearcut, but not so for sheep. On the most intensively used clearcuts, four out of five trees were damaged. The density of deciduous trees was five times lower inside compared to out- side of the fence （varying with plant species）. While livestock grazing may reduce resource competition in favour of spruce, the current animal density clearly is impeding forest regeneration in the study area.
基金funded by the Foundation for Re-search Levy on Agricultural Products,by the Norwegian Research Council,and by the Food Quality and safety,ProSafeBeef Food-CT-2006-36241 research program(part of the EU 6th Framework Program)Dr.Michél He-braud,INRA,France,is appreciated for providing L.monocytogenes isolates to the study.
文摘Contamination of food with spoilage bacteria and pathogens from food processing environment remains a challenge for the food industry. Bacteria able to persist in such environments over time must survive several hygienic hurdles. The aim of this study was to identify bacteria surviving practical disinfection and compare their survival abilities with representative isolates of the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Bacteria isolated from processing surfaces after cleaning and disinfection in a meat abattoir were identified. Selected isolates of the most frequently isolated bacterial genera along with eight meat associated L. monocytogenes were further characterized with regard to biofilm formation abilities at 12℃ and 20℃, tolerance to desiccation (stainless steel at 70% RH at 12℃) and bactericidal effects of recommended in-use-concentrations of four commercial disinfectants on stainless steel surface. The most dominating bacterial genera based on counts on non-selective agar were Aerococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Staphylococcus. Isolates of Citrobacter. Enterobacter and Serratia dominated on agar plates selective for Enterobacteriaceae. In general, Gram negative bacteria formed more biofilm than Gram positives, especially at 12℃ with the best biofilm formers being Acinetobacter, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas. Listeria monocytogenes were poor biofilm formers. Gram positives survived better air drying than Gram negatives. Strains of L. monocytogenes were more sensitive to desiccation than the other Gram positives;Aerococcus, Kocuria and Staphylococcus. Two disinfectants containing peracetic acid and a disinfectant containing alkylaminoacetate had limited or no antibacterial effect against bacteria dried on stainless steel. A quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectant provided >2 log reductions of Aerococcus, Acinetobacter and Listeria. Only 0.5 log reductions were obtained against Staphylococcus and no bactericidal effect against Serratia. In this study the dominating flora in a meat aba
文摘Background:The Siberian moth(Dendrolimus sibiricus)is a serious pest of conifers in Russia,Northern Kazakhstan,Mongolia and China.The western border of the pest’s distribution in Russia is disputed,but it is present west of the 60th meridian east.The pest has the potential to defoliate a wide range of conifers.Results:The pest is not present in Norway or other European countries,except Russia.Natural spread and human mediated transport are potential pathways for the pest.Human mediated pathways considered are:Living trees for planting,coniferous wood in the rough and foliage and branches.There has been no import of living trees from Russia to Norway during the past 30 years,and there is currently no import of coniferous wood commodities containing bark from areas,where D.sibiricus occurs.Conclusions:The probability of D.sibiricus entry by natural spread is unlikely,mainly because of the geographical distance and the partial sea barriers between Norway and the infested areas.The probability of entry by human mediated pathways is unlikely due to the very limited volume of the import.Should the pest enter Norway,the probability of establishment and spread is unlikely,due to the suboptimal climatic conditions,and the fact that the two dominant conifers in the country,Norway spruce(Picea abies)and Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris),are intermediate and poor hosts,respectively.The potential damage,should D.sibiricus enter Norway,is considered low.
基金supported by the Quota Program for developing countries at NTNU
文摘Nepal lies on the southern slope of Himalaya in Asia. In a width ranging between 150 and 250 km, the altitude varies greatly from about 100 m at its southern border to a maximum of 8848 min the northern part. Like the variation in altitude, climatic condition varies quite a lot. Long-term monthly mean erythemal UV daily dose values for Nepal are evaluated using Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （TOMS） estimation from the time of its overpass between 1996 and 2003. The results are presented as summer and winter maps of mean UV levels in each satellite grid. The mean winter erythemal UV daily dose ranges between 2.1 and 3.6 kJ m-2 whereas summer values are found to lie between 4.6 and 9.7 kJ m-2. The altitude variation increases the UV levels by about 0.2 kJ km-1 in winter months, and 0.9 kJ km-1 in summer. A multiyear monthly average erythemal daily dose in most of the areas shows that the summer value is about three times higher than that in winter. Although year-to-year variation is not pronounced in high- and mid-elevation regions, UV levels seemed to decrease from 1997 to 2002 in the southern part of the country in the low elevation region by about 5.35%. Due to the combined effects of the altitude, low ozone concentration in the troposphere, and thin air, surface UV radiation at higher altitudes is found to be higher than in the surrounding regions.
文摘Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) react non-enzymatically with tissue proteins to form irreversible structures involved in atherosclerosis, nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and wound healing. Studies on AGE-inhibitors have demonstrated possible prevention of diabetes complications. The present open label study was conducted on aminoguanidine (AGu), an inhibitor of AGE-formation, to examine potential effects on wound healing in diabetes type 2-like db/db mice during 5 - 6 weeks. The animals were divided into 4 groups: AGu from the day of wounding (day 0) topically and/or systemically in drinking water (1 g/L;group 1, n = 13);AGu 1 g/L in drinking water from 7 weeks prior to day 0 (group 2, n = 21);AGu 5 g/L in drinking water from 9 - 11 weeks prior to day 0 (group 3, n = 6);placebo controls (group 4, n = 8). Results: Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) was significantly lower in group 3 compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Percentage change in A1C and body weight from baseline to the end of the experiment were both related to the AGu doses (1 or 5 g/L;A1C-change, P = 0.01;weight-change, P = 0.04, both for linear trend across groups 4, 2, and 3, respectively). Even so, percentage wound closure was not improved in the AGu-treated groups compared to controls (P ≥ 0.8).
文摘Introduction: Dental anomalies have been widely examined, but no such studies have been conducted in Norway. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of dental anomalies and investigate their possible association with gender and dental occlusion. Methods: Panoramic radiographs and study models of 500, 12-year-old school children (273 girls, 227 boys) were analyzed for the presence of dental anomalies including agenesis, taurodontism, pulp stones, microdontia, macrodontia, impaction, short roots, supernumerary teeth, ectopic eruption and transposition. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the Angle classification (Class Ι, n = 252. Class ΙΙ, n = 227. Class ΙΙΙ, n = 21). Percentages and chi-square test were used for evaluation of the data. Results: In this population 28.2% of the subjects showed at least one dental anomaly. Statistically significant associations were observed between agenesis and Angle Class II dental occlusion (P = 0.03), and between agenesis and gender (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Agenesis was a predominant dental anomaly in girls and was found twice as often in subjects with Class ΙΙ, than with Class Ι dental occlusion.
文摘Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive cancers,and the decline in mortality observed in most other cancer diseases,has so far not taken place in pancreatic cancer.Complete tumor resection is a requirement for potential cure,and the reorganization of care in the direction of high patient-volume centers,offering multimodal treatment,has improved survival and Quality of Life.Also the rates and severity grade of complications are improving in high-volume pancreatic centers.One of the major problems worldwide is underutilization of surgery in resectable pancreatic cancer.Suboptimal investigation,follow up and oncological treatment outside specialized centers are additional key problems.New chemotherapeutic regimens like FOLFIRINOX have improved survival in patients with metastatic disease,and different adjuvant treatment options result in well documented survival benefit.Neoadjuvant treatment is highly relevant,but needs further evaluation.Also adjuvant immunotherapy,in the form of vaccination with synthetic K-Ras-peptides,has been shown to produce long term immunological memory in cytotoxic T-cells in long term survivors.Improvement in clinical outcome is already achievable and further progress is expected in the near future for patients treated with curative as well as palliative intention.
文摘The laparoscopic technique in distal pancreatic resection(LDP) has been widely accepted, and outcome data support the hypothesis that survival is improved,partly due to improved postoperative safety and recovery, thus optimizing treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy. But laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy(LPD or Whipple-procedures) has spread more slowly, due to the complexity of the procedure. Surgical safety has been a problem in hospitals with low patient volume, resulting in raised postoperative mortality, requiring careful monitoring of outcome during the surgical learning curve. Robotic assistance is expected to improve surgical safety, but data on long term oncological outcome of laparoscopic Whipple procedures with or without robotic assistance is scarce. Future research should still focus surgical safety, but most importantly long term outcome, recorded as recurrence at maximal follow up or-at best-overall long term survival(OS). Available data show median survival above 2.5 years, five year OS more than 30% after LDP even in series with suboptimal adjuvant chemotherapy. Also after LPD, long term survival is reported equal to or longer than open resection. However, surgical safety during the learning curve of LPD is a problem, which hopefully can be facilitated by robotic assistance. Patient reported outcome should also be an endpoint in future trials, including patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
文摘BACKGROUND High-dose intravenous iron is an effective treatment option for iron deficiency(ID)or ID anaemia(IDA)in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).However,treatment with ferric carboxymaltose(FCM)has been associated with the development of hypophosphatemia.AIM To investigate mechanisms behind the development of hypophosphatemia after intravenous iron treatment,and disclose symptoms and clinical manifestations related to hypophosphatemia short-term.METHODS A prospective observational study of adult IBD patients with ID or IDA was conducted between February 1,2017 and July 1,2018 at two separate university hospitals in the southeast region of Norway.Patients received one dose of 1000 mg of either FCM or ferric derisomaltose(FDI)and were followed for an observation period of at least 7 wk.Blood and urine samples were collected for relevant analyses at baseline,week 2 and at week 6.Clinical symptoms were assessed at the same timepoints using a respiratory function test,a visual analogue scale,and a health-related quality of life questionnaire.RESULTS A total of 106 patients was available for analysis in this study.The FCM treatment group consisted of 52 patients and hypophosphatemia was present in 72.5%of the patients at week 2,and in 21.6%at week 6.In comparison,the FDI treatment group consisted of 54 patients and 11.3%of the patients had hypophosphatemia at week 2,and 3.7%at week 6.The difference in incidence was highly significant at both week 2 and 6(P<0.001 and P<0.013,respectively).We observed a significantly higher mean concentration of intact fibroblast growth factor 23(P<0.001),a significant rise in mean urine fractional excretion of phosphate(P=0.004),a significant decrease of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(P<0.001)and of ionised calcium levels(P<0.012)in the FCM-treated patients compared with patients who received FDI.No clinical symptoms could with certainty be related to hypophosphatemia,since neither the respiratory function test,SF-36(36-item short form health survey)or the visual analogue scale scores result
文摘BACKGROUND High risk of alcohol and drug use disorders in people with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)calls for exploratory research of relationships with clinical features of ADHD.AIM To estimate prevalence of alcohol/drug use disorders and associations with ADHD symptom severity and emotional dysregulation,in adults with ADHD.METHODS This observational cross-sectional clinical study consisted of patients admitted to a private psychiatric outpatient clinic in Oslo,Norway(2014-2018).Five-hundred and fifty-eight eligible patients diagnosed with ADHD(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5)criteria)agreed to participate.Alcohol and drug use disorders were diagnosed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview(MINI).Dependence and abuse were merged into“use”disorder as in MINI version 7.0/DSM-5.Questions were related both to lifetime and the past 12-mo.ADHD severity was assessed by the Adult ADHD Self Report Scale(ASRS).Subdivisions of the ASRS questionnaire as inattentive items and hyperactive/impulsivity items were recorded separately.Emotional dysregulation was assessed by the eight-item version of Barkley’s Current Behavior Scale-Self Report.RESULTS The 12-mo prevalence was 5.3%for alcohol use disorder and 13.7%for drug use disorder.The lifetime prevalence was 12.0%for alcohol use disorder and 27.7%for drug use disorder.Men had higher rates of both alcohol use disorder and drug use disorder compared to women.The prevalence of drug use disorder was more than twice that of alcohol use disorder for both sexes.The drugs most participants reported having used were(in descending order):Amphetamine(19.1%),cannabis(17.1%),cocaine or ecstasy(7.4%),benzodiazepines(7.4%),and heroin or other opioids(2.9%).Lifetime drug use disorder was significantly associated with both hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms and emotional dysregulation symptom severity.Lifetime alcohol use disorder,on the other hand,was not significantly associated with ADHD symptoms or emotional d
