Point and nonpoint sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) can cause reductions in water quality, including eutrophication. Nonpoint pollution represents a special challenge because of dispersed not easily identifi...Point and nonpoint sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) can cause reductions in water quality, including eutrophication. Nonpoint pollution represents a special challenge because of dispersed not easily identifiable sources such as the runoff from soil, nutrients, and other chemicals from agricultural fields and residential areas. Laguna Cartagena is a tropical freshwater wetland, situated in southwestern Puerto Rico. It is a eutrophic ecosystem, and its eutrophication is caused by both external nutrient loading and internal, mainly by phosphorus. This wetland has been affected by phosphorus loading from inorganic agricultural fertilizer in this historically oligotrophic wetland system until the end of subsidized fertilizer use and sugar cane cultivation in the late 1990s. This study identifies: 1) nonpoint sources of phosphorus (SRP, Soluble Reactive Phosphorus and TP, Total Phosphorus) and nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia) that enter Laguna Cartagena;and 2) the role of precipitation events on the contributions of phosphorus and nitrogen loading to ecosystems. Herein we assess water samples from five channelized external sources of P and N that enter Laguna Cartagena at two-week intervals from October 2013 through November 2014. Rainfall data were obtained weekly from a rain gauge. Standard methods were used for all chemical analyses. Results showed that the channelized waterways that carry water to the lagoon can be classified as hypereutrophic (>100 μg/L) for TP concentrations and oligotrophic (<200 μg/L) for nitrogen concentrations. Currently agriculture (rice and cattle) is the predominant land use at the nearby University of Puerto Rico (UPR) Lajas Agricultural Experiment Substation, the predominant nonpoint source of nutrient pollution (SRP, TP and ammonia) in the principal channelized water sources to the lagoon. Current nutrient loads are likely derived from fertilizers applied to the Substation’s rice fields, and a high density livestock. The second important cause of external surface w展开更多
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) has become one of the leading causes of liver disease in the western world. In obese patients weight reduction is recommended. Up to now there are no specific guidelines ...BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) has become one of the leading causes of liver disease in the western world. In obese patients weight reduction is recommended. Up to now there are no specific guidelines for weight loss in order to reduce hepatic fat content.AIM To investigate the effects of a 24-wk guided lifestyle intervention program compared to a meal replacement regimen based on soy protein.METHODS Twenty-six subjects with NASH participated in a randomized single-center study. They were randomly assigned to either meal replacement group(MR-G)with soy-yogurt-honey preparation or to guided lifestyle change group(LC-G)with endurance activity and nutrition counselling. Serum alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST), lipid parameters, and adipokines were measured. Liver fat content and lipid composition were determined by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Body fat mass and lean body mass were assessed using Bod Pod? device. Pre-and post-intervention monitoring of parameters was performed. Statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS software, results were expressed as median(interquartile range).RESULTS Twenty-two subjects(MR-G, n = 11 and LC-G, n = 11) completed the study(9 women, 13 men; age 52.1(15.0) years, body mass index(BMI) 32.3(3.3) kg/m^2).In both groups a significant weight loss was achieved(MR-G:-6.4(3.6) kg, P <0.01; LC-G:-9.1(10.4) kg, P < 0.01). BMI dropped in both groups(MR-G:-2.3(1.5)kg/m^2, P = 0.003; LC-G:-3.0(3.4) kg/m^2, P = 0.006). Internal fat and hepatic lipid content were markedly reduced in both groups in comparable amount. There was a strong correlation between reduction in liver fat and decrease in ALT.Likewise, both groups showed an improvement in glycemic control and lipid profile. Changes in adipokines, particularly in adiponectin and leptin were closely related to intrahepatic lipid changes.CONCLUSION Comprehensive lifestyle intervention and meal replacement regimen have comparable effects on body and liver fat, as well as d展开更多
Maintaining the water quality of lakes and reservoirs is part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, an initiative promoted by the United Nations, including anthropogenic and natural factors that may influenc...Maintaining the water quality of lakes and reservoirs is part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, an initiative promoted by the United Nations, including anthropogenic and natural factors that may influence water quality. The water reservoirs of Puerto Rico were built in watersheds to provide runoff control and for primary uses. The Cerrillos Reservoir is one of the largest water reservoirs in southern Puerto Rico, and is used as a source of potable water and for recreational activities. After hurricane Maria, in September 2017, many communities were without public water service and have obtained their drinking water from local rivers or their tributaries, without filtration or purification treatment. This research explored the physical-chemical parameters of Cerrillos Reservoir’s surface water from May 2018 to January 2019. The objective of the present study is to assess seasonal variations in surface water quality with respect to physical (temperature, turbidity, and conductivity), chemical (nutrient concentrations: (Phosphorus (P) (Soluble Reactive Phosphorus, phosphate, or orthophosphate) and Nitrogen (N) (nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia)), pH, and dissolved oxygen), and biological (total coliforms and <em>Escherichia coli</em>) parameters. Results suggest that Cerrillos Reservoir did not exceed the parameters of temperature, turbidity, conductivity, pH and DO, established by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (PRDNER). The reservoir showed a stable trophic state in relation to inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen as N and P concentrations did not increase sufficiently to disrupt this ecosystem. However, total coliforms exceeded the maximum parameter (23 MPN/100mL - 994 MPN/100mL) established for the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources and are likely to be the results of the disruption caused by hurricane Maria.展开更多
In the present study the fabrication of graded coarse grained ceramic bodies for refractory applications was investigated using a pressure filtration cell,which uses pressurized air as the pressure medium. The pressur...In the present study the fabrication of graded coarse grained ceramic bodies for refractory applications was investigated using a pressure filtration cell,which uses pressurized air as the pressure medium. The pressure filtration cell was used to examine the influence of different ceramic raw materials,two dispersants,and of the particle size distribution on the filtration behavior and on the filter cake surface quality. Pressure slip casting of spinel based slips resulted in crack-free filter cakes,while alumina based slips resulted in filter cakes,which always stuck on the used PMMA filter medium. Furthermore,citric acid as an electrostatic dispersant resulted in a much lower filtration cake resistance and hence shorter filtration times than an electrosteric dispersant. A broader particle size distribution with a higher addition of the finest particle fraction caused an increase in the filter cake resistance but also yielded much better surface qualities. Finally,graded filter cakes with three layers of alumina rich magnesium aluminate spinel with a maximum grain size of 3 mm,1 mm,and 0. 5 mm,respectively,were fabricated. The computed X-ray analyzes indicated a perfect bonding between the three layers,which is a significant improvement to previous studies. However,the graded filter cakes exhibited frequently cracks at the bottom,which was probably caused by tensile stresses from the friction of the filter cakes with the pressure filtration cell. This will be further investigated in subsequent studies. The achieved results demonstrate thefeasibility to produce coarse grained oxide ceramics for refractory applications by pressure slip casting,which eventually allows the production of composites with tailored compositions,microstructure and functionality.展开更多
Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B±section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections：
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the ...The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on： Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews （and errata） are also available on the Particle Data Group website： http ：//pdg. lbl. gov.展开更多
J=1/2e MASS （atomic mass units u）The primary determination of an electron＇s mass comes from measuring the ratio of the mass to that of a nucleus, so that the result is obtained in u （atomic mass units）. The conve...J=1/2e MASS （atomic mass units u）The primary determination of an electron＇s mass comes from measuring the ratio of the mass to that of a nucleus, so that the result is obtained in u （atomic mass units）. The conversion factor to MeV is more uncertain than the mass of the electron in u; indeed, the recent improvements in the mass determination are not evident when the result is given in MeV. In this datablock we give the result in u, and in the following datablock in MeV.展开更多
Revised September 2013 by G. Cowan （RHUL）. This chapter gives an overview of statistical methods used in high-energy physics. In statistics, we are interested in using a given sample of data to make inferences about...Revised September 2013 by G. Cowan （RHUL）. This chapter gives an overview of statistical methods used in high-energy physics. In statistics, we are interested in using a given sample of data to make inferences about a probabilistic model, e.g., to assess the model＇s validity or to determine the values of its parameters. There are two main approaches to statistical inference, which we may call frequentist and Bayesian.展开更多
1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on par...1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on particle properties, called the ＂Particle Listings.＂ These Listings include 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, in addition to the 32,153 measurements from 8,944 papers that first appeared in previous editions [1].展开更多
AIM To investigate the potential effect of inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-5(PDE-5) for therapy of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis.METHODS In the rat model of thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis the ...AIM To investigate the potential effect of inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-5(PDE-5) for therapy of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis.METHODS In the rat model of thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate(NO-cGMP) pathway was investigated. Expression and localization of PDE-5, the enzyme that converts vasodilating cGMP into inactive 5'-GMP, was in the focus of the study. Hepatic gene expression of key components of the NO-cGMP pathway was determined by qRT-PCR: Endothelial NO synthase(eNOS), inducible NO synthase(iNOS), soluble guanylate cyclase subunits α1 and β1(sGCa1, sGCb1), and PDE-5. Hepatic PDE-5 protein expression and localization were detected by immunohistochemistry. Serum cGMP concentrations were measured using ELISA. Acute effects of the PDE-5 inhibitor Sildenafil(0.1 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg) on portal and systemic hemodynamics were investigated using pressure transducers.RESULTS Hepatic gene expression of eNOS(2.2-fold; P = 0.003), sGCa1(1.7-fold; P = 0.003), sGCb1(3.0-fold; P = 0.003), and PDE-5(11-fold; P = 0.003) was increased in cirrhotic livers compared to healthy livers. Overexpression of PDE-5(7.7-fold; P = 0.006) was less pronounced in fibrotic livers. iNOS expression was only detected in fibrotic and cirrhotic livers. In healthy liver, PDE-5 protein was localized primarily in zone 3 hepatocytes and to a lesser extent in perisinusoidal cells. This zonation was disturbed in cirrhosis: PDE-5 protein expression in perisinusoidal cells was induced approximately 8-fold. In addition, PDE-5-expressing cells were also found in fibrous septa. Serum cGMP concentrations were reduced in rats with cirrhotic livers by approximately 40%. Inhibition of PDE-5 by Sildenafil caused a significant increase in serum cGMP concentrations [+ 64% in healthy rats(P = 0.024), + 85% in cirrhotic rats(P = 0.018)]. Concomitantly, the portal venous pressure was reduced by 19% in rats with liver cirrhosis. CONCLUSION Overexpression and abrogated zonation of PDE-5 likely co展开更多
Non-selective beta-blockers are the mainstay of medical therapy for portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-5(PDE-5-inhibitors) reduce portal pressure in the acute setting by > 10% w...Non-selective beta-blockers are the mainstay of medical therapy for portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-5(PDE-5-inhibitors) reduce portal pressure in the acute setting by > 10% which may suggest a long-term beneficial effect. Currently, there is no available data on long-term treatment of portal hypertension with PDE-5-inhibitors. This case of a patient with liver cirrhosis secondary to autoimmune liver disease with episodes of bleeding from esophageal varices is the first documented case in which a treatment with a PDE-5-inhibitor for eight years was monitored. In the acute setting, the PDE-5-inhibitor Vardenafil lowered portal pressure by 13%. The portal blood flow increased by 28% based onDoppler sonography and by 16% using MRI technique. As maintenance medication the PDE-5-inhibitor Tadalafil was used for eight consecutive years with comparable effects on portal pressure and portal blood flow. There were no recurrence of bleeding and no formation of new varices. Influencing the NO-pathway by the use of PDE-5 inhibitors may have long-term beneficial effects in compensated cirrhosis.展开更多
33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such appl...33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such applications will be provided. The detector techniques which are specific to non-accelerator particle physics experiments are the subject of Chap.展开更多
文摘Point and nonpoint sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) can cause reductions in water quality, including eutrophication. Nonpoint pollution represents a special challenge because of dispersed not easily identifiable sources such as the runoff from soil, nutrients, and other chemicals from agricultural fields and residential areas. Laguna Cartagena is a tropical freshwater wetland, situated in southwestern Puerto Rico. It is a eutrophic ecosystem, and its eutrophication is caused by both external nutrient loading and internal, mainly by phosphorus. This wetland has been affected by phosphorus loading from inorganic agricultural fertilizer in this historically oligotrophic wetland system until the end of subsidized fertilizer use and sugar cane cultivation in the late 1990s. This study identifies: 1) nonpoint sources of phosphorus (SRP, Soluble Reactive Phosphorus and TP, Total Phosphorus) and nitrogen (nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia) that enter Laguna Cartagena;and 2) the role of precipitation events on the contributions of phosphorus and nitrogen loading to ecosystems. Herein we assess water samples from five channelized external sources of P and N that enter Laguna Cartagena at two-week intervals from October 2013 through November 2014. Rainfall data were obtained weekly from a rain gauge. Standard methods were used for all chemical analyses. Results showed that the channelized waterways that carry water to the lagoon can be classified as hypereutrophic (>100 μg/L) for TP concentrations and oligotrophic (<200 μg/L) for nitrogen concentrations. Currently agriculture (rice and cattle) is the predominant land use at the nearby University of Puerto Rico (UPR) Lajas Agricultural Experiment Substation, the predominant nonpoint source of nutrient pollution (SRP, TP and ammonia) in the principal channelized water sources to the lagoon. Current nutrient loads are likely derived from fertilizers applied to the Substation’s rice fields, and a high density livestock. The second important cause of external surface w
基金(in part)Almased^(®)? Wellness Company,Bienenbuettel,GermanyThe planning,organisation,monitoring and analysis of the study were performed independently by the investigators+1 种基金a study grant from Almased^(®)? Wellness Companya study grant from Helmholtz Alliance ICEMED
文摘BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) has become one of the leading causes of liver disease in the western world. In obese patients weight reduction is recommended. Up to now there are no specific guidelines for weight loss in order to reduce hepatic fat content.AIM To investigate the effects of a 24-wk guided lifestyle intervention program compared to a meal replacement regimen based on soy protein.METHODS Twenty-six subjects with NASH participated in a randomized single-center study. They were randomly assigned to either meal replacement group(MR-G)with soy-yogurt-honey preparation or to guided lifestyle change group(LC-G)with endurance activity and nutrition counselling. Serum alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST), lipid parameters, and adipokines were measured. Liver fat content and lipid composition were determined by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Body fat mass and lean body mass were assessed using Bod Pod? device. Pre-and post-intervention monitoring of parameters was performed. Statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS software, results were expressed as median(interquartile range).RESULTS Twenty-two subjects(MR-G, n = 11 and LC-G, n = 11) completed the study(9 women, 13 men; age 52.1(15.0) years, body mass index(BMI) 32.3(3.3) kg/m^2).In both groups a significant weight loss was achieved(MR-G:-6.4(3.6) kg, P <0.01; LC-G:-9.1(10.4) kg, P < 0.01). BMI dropped in both groups(MR-G:-2.3(1.5)kg/m^2, P = 0.003; LC-G:-3.0(3.4) kg/m^2, P = 0.006). Internal fat and hepatic lipid content were markedly reduced in both groups in comparable amount. There was a strong correlation between reduction in liver fat and decrease in ALT.Likewise, both groups showed an improvement in glycemic control and lipid profile. Changes in adipokines, particularly in adiponectin and leptin were closely related to intrahepatic lipid changes.CONCLUSION Comprehensive lifestyle intervention and meal replacement regimen have comparable effects on body and liver fat, as well as d
文摘Maintaining the water quality of lakes and reservoirs is part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, an initiative promoted by the United Nations, including anthropogenic and natural factors that may influence water quality. The water reservoirs of Puerto Rico were built in watersheds to provide runoff control and for primary uses. The Cerrillos Reservoir is one of the largest water reservoirs in southern Puerto Rico, and is used as a source of potable water and for recreational activities. After hurricane Maria, in September 2017, many communities were without public water service and have obtained their drinking water from local rivers or their tributaries, without filtration or purification treatment. This research explored the physical-chemical parameters of Cerrillos Reservoir’s surface water from May 2018 to January 2019. The objective of the present study is to assess seasonal variations in surface water quality with respect to physical (temperature, turbidity, and conductivity), chemical (nutrient concentrations: (Phosphorus (P) (Soluble Reactive Phosphorus, phosphate, or orthophosphate) and Nitrogen (N) (nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia)), pH, and dissolved oxygen), and biological (total coliforms and <em>Escherichia coli</em>) parameters. Results suggest that Cerrillos Reservoir did not exceed the parameters of temperature, turbidity, conductivity, pH and DO, established by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (PRDNER). The reservoir showed a stable trophic state in relation to inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen as N and P concentrations did not increase sufficiently to disrupt this ecosystem. However, total coliforms exceeded the maximum parameter (23 MPN/100mL - 994 MPN/100mL) established for the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources and are likely to be the results of the disruption caused by hurricane Maria.
基金German Research Foundation ( DFG ) ( Grant No. AN 322 /32-1 ) for kindly supporting this work
文摘In the present study the fabrication of graded coarse grained ceramic bodies for refractory applications was investigated using a pressure filtration cell,which uses pressurized air as the pressure medium. The pressure filtration cell was used to examine the influence of different ceramic raw materials,two dispersants,and of the particle size distribution on the filtration behavior and on the filter cake surface quality. Pressure slip casting of spinel based slips resulted in crack-free filter cakes,while alumina based slips resulted in filter cakes,which always stuck on the used PMMA filter medium. Furthermore,citric acid as an electrostatic dispersant resulted in a much lower filtration cake resistance and hence shorter filtration times than an electrosteric dispersant. A broader particle size distribution with a higher addition of the finest particle fraction caused an increase in the filter cake resistance but also yielded much better surface qualities. Finally,graded filter cakes with three layers of alumina rich magnesium aluminate spinel with a maximum grain size of 3 mm,1 mm,and 0. 5 mm,respectively,were fabricated. The computed X-ray analyzes indicated a perfect bonding between the three layers,which is a significant improvement to previous studies. However,the graded filter cakes exhibited frequently cracks at the bottom,which was probably caused by tensile stresses from the friction of the filter cakes with the pressure filtration cell. This will be further investigated in subsequent studies. The achieved results demonstrate thefeasibility to produce coarse grained oxide ceramics for refractory applications by pressure slip casting,which eventually allows the production of composites with tailored compositions,microstructure and functionality.
文摘Many measurements of B decays involve admixtures of B hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily included such admixtures in the B±section, but because of their importance we have created two new sections：
基金supported by the Director,Office of Science,Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231the U.S.National Science Foundation under Agreement No.PHY-0652989+3 种基金the European Laboratory for Particle Physics(CERN)an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan(MEXT:Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology)and the United States(DOE)on cooperative research and developmentthe Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics(INFN)B.C.F.was supported by the U.S.National Science Foundation Grant PHY-1214082
文摘The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on： Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews （and errata） are also available on the Particle Data Group website： http ：//pdg. lbl. gov.
文摘J=1/2e MASS （atomic mass units u）The primary determination of an electron＇s mass comes from measuring the ratio of the mass to that of a nucleus, so that the result is obtained in u （atomic mass units）. The conversion factor to MeV is more uncertain than the mass of the electron in u; indeed, the recent improvements in the mass determination are not evident when the result is given in MeV. In this datablock we give the result in u, and in the following datablock in MeV.
文摘Revised September 2013 by G. Cowan （RHUL）. This chapter gives an overview of statistical methods used in high-energy physics. In statistics, we are interested in using a given sample of data to make inferences about a probabilistic model, e.g., to assess the model＇s validity or to determine the values of its parameters. There are two main approaches to statistical inference, which we may call frequentist and Bayesian.
基金supported by the Director,Office of Science,Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-05CH11231by the U.S.National Science Foundation under Agreement No.PHY-0652989+2 种基金by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics(CERN)by an implementing arrangement between the governments of Japan(MEXT:Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports, Science and Technology) and the United States(DOE) on cooperative research and developmentby the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics(INFN)
文摘1. Overview The Review of Particle Physics and the abbreviated version, the Particle Physics Booklet, are reviews of the field of Particle Physics. This complete Review includes a compilation/evaluation of data on particle properties, called the ＂Particle Listings.＂ These Listings include 3,283 new measurements from 899 papers, in addition to the 32,153 measurements from 8,944 papers that first appeared in previous editions [1].
文摘AIM To investigate the potential effect of inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-5(PDE-5) for therapy of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis.METHODS In the rat model of thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate(NO-cGMP) pathway was investigated. Expression and localization of PDE-5, the enzyme that converts vasodilating cGMP into inactive 5'-GMP, was in the focus of the study. Hepatic gene expression of key components of the NO-cGMP pathway was determined by qRT-PCR: Endothelial NO synthase(eNOS), inducible NO synthase(iNOS), soluble guanylate cyclase subunits α1 and β1(sGCa1, sGCb1), and PDE-5. Hepatic PDE-5 protein expression and localization were detected by immunohistochemistry. Serum cGMP concentrations were measured using ELISA. Acute effects of the PDE-5 inhibitor Sildenafil(0.1 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg) on portal and systemic hemodynamics were investigated using pressure transducers.RESULTS Hepatic gene expression of eNOS(2.2-fold; P = 0.003), sGCa1(1.7-fold; P = 0.003), sGCb1(3.0-fold; P = 0.003), and PDE-5(11-fold; P = 0.003) was increased in cirrhotic livers compared to healthy livers. Overexpression of PDE-5(7.7-fold; P = 0.006) was less pronounced in fibrotic livers. iNOS expression was only detected in fibrotic and cirrhotic livers. In healthy liver, PDE-5 protein was localized primarily in zone 3 hepatocytes and to a lesser extent in perisinusoidal cells. This zonation was disturbed in cirrhosis: PDE-5 protein expression in perisinusoidal cells was induced approximately 8-fold. In addition, PDE-5-expressing cells were also found in fibrous septa. Serum cGMP concentrations were reduced in rats with cirrhotic livers by approximately 40%. Inhibition of PDE-5 by Sildenafil caused a significant increase in serum cGMP concentrations [+ 64% in healthy rats(P = 0.024), + 85% in cirrhotic rats(P = 0.018)]. Concomitantly, the portal venous pressure was reduced by 19% in rats with liver cirrhosis. CONCLUSION Overexpression and abrogated zonation of PDE-5 likely co
文摘Non-selective beta-blockers are the mainstay of medical therapy for portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-5(PDE-5-inhibitors) reduce portal pressure in the acute setting by > 10% which may suggest a long-term beneficial effect. Currently, there is no available data on long-term treatment of portal hypertension with PDE-5-inhibitors. This case of a patient with liver cirrhosis secondary to autoimmune liver disease with episodes of bleeding from esophageal varices is the first documented case in which a treatment with a PDE-5-inhibitor for eight years was monitored. In the acute setting, the PDE-5-inhibitor Vardenafil lowered portal pressure by 13%. The portal blood flow increased by 28% based onDoppler sonography and by 16% using MRI technique. As maintenance medication the PDE-5-inhibitor Tadalafil was used for eight consecutive years with comparable effects on portal pressure and portal blood flow. There were no recurrence of bleeding and no formation of new varices. Influencing the NO-pathway by the use of PDE-5 inhibitors may have long-term beneficial effects in compensated cirrhosis.
文摘33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such applications will be provided. The detector techniques which are specific to non-accelerator particle physics experiments are the subject of Chap.
