Taste and odor （T＆O） problems in drinking water frequently occur because of many compounds present in the water, of which trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol （geosrnin） and 2-methylisoborneol （MIB） are well-kno...Taste and odor （T＆O） problems in drinking water frequently occur because of many compounds present in the water, of which trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol （geosrnin） and 2-methylisoborneol （MIB） are well-known. In this study, a fast and effective method was established for simultaneous determination of 10 T＆O compounds, including geosmin, MIB, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole （TCA）, 2-methylbenzofuran, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine （IPMP）, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine （IBMP）, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal, trans, cis-2,6-nonadienal, and trans-2-decenal in water samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction （SPME） coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An orthogonal array experimental design was used to optimize the effects of SPME fiber, extraction temperature, stirring rate, NaC1 content, extraction time, and desorption time. The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 73 ng/L were lower than or close to the odor threshold concentrations （OTCs）. All the 10 T＆O compounds were detected in the 14 water samples including surface water, treatment process water and tap water, taken from a waterworks in Lianyungang City, China. MIB and geosmin were detected in most samples at low concentration. Six T＆O compounds （IPMP, IBMP, trans,cis-2,6-nonadienal, 2-methylbenzofuran, trans-2-decenal, and TCA） were effectively decreased in water treatment process （sedimentation and filtration） that is different from cis-3-hexenyl acetate, MIB and geosmin. It is noted that the TCA concentrations at 15.9-122.3 ng/L and the trans,cis-2,6-nonadienal concentrations at 79.9-190.1 ng/L were over 10 times higher than their OTCs in tap water. The variation of the analytes in the all water samples, especially distribution system indicated that distribution system cannot be ignored as a T＆O compounds source.展开更多
A comprehensive investigation into the occur-rence of odor problem at 111 drinking water treatment plants （DWTPs） in major cities across China was undertaken using both flavor profile analysis （FPA） and gas chroma...A comprehensive investigation into the occur-rence of odor problem at 111 drinking water treatment plants （DWTPs） in major cities across China was undertaken using both flavor profile analysis （FPA） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Eighty percent of source water samples exhibited odor problems, characterized by earthy/musty （41%） and swampy/septic （36%） odors, while the occurrence rate was lower （45%） in the finished water. Source water from rivers exhibited more pollution-origin odors, such as the swampy/septic odor, while that from lakes and reservoirs exhibited more algae- origin odors, such as earthy/musty odors. The occurrence rate of 2-methylisoborneol （2-MIB） in the surface source water samples was 75%, with 7% of samples containing 2- MIB concentrations of over 10 ng.L-1. The earthy/musty odor in the lake/reservoir water samples was mainly caused by 2-MIB （linear regression coefficient, R2= 0.69）, while the correlation between 2-MIB concentration and the earthy/musty odor intensity samples was weak （R2= 0.35） in the river-source water These results will be useful for the management of odor-quality problems in drinking water of China.展开更多
A typical anthropogenically disturbed urban river polluted by a combination of conventional pollutants(nitrogen and phosphorus pollution)and heavy metals was investigated along a 238 km stretch.Changes in the bacteria...A typical anthropogenically disturbed urban river polluted by a combination of conventional pollutants(nitrogen and phosphorus pollution)and heavy metals was investigated along a 238 km stretch.Changes in the bacterial community were evaluated using high-throughput sequencing,and the relationships between bacteria,heavy metals,and conventional pollutants were investigated.There was large spatial heterogeneity in the bacterial community along the river,and bacterial diversity in the upstream and midstream sections was much higher than in the downstream section.Heavy metals and conventional pollutants both exhibited close correlations with bacterial diversity and composition.For instance,potential fecal indicator bacteria,sewage indicator bacteria and pathogenic bacteria,such as Ruminococcus and Pseudomonas,were closely associated with Cu,Zn,and NH_(4)^(+)-N.Rather than conventional pollutants,heavy metals were the main driving factors of the microbial community characteristics.These results confirm that bacterial communities play a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles.Therefore,heavymetals could be used as biomarkers of complex pollution to indicate the pollution status of riverine ecosystems and contribute to the restoration of habitats in anthropogenically disturbed urban rivers.展开更多
Background:Human neutrophil lipocalin(HNL)has been used extensively to differentiate acute bacterial infection from febrile diseases as a biomarker to reflect the activation of the neutrophil.The serum HNL levels in t...Background:Human neutrophil lipocalin(HNL)has been used extensively to differentiate acute bacterial infection from febrile diseases as a biomarker to reflect the activation of the neutrophil.The serum HNL levels in the adult-onset Still’s disease(AOSD)patients with and without infection,as well as the healthy controls(HCs),were analyzed statistically in this study to evaluate the value of HNL for the diagnosis of AOSD.Methods:A total of 129 AOSD patients were enrolled,from whom blood samples were drawn and the AOSD diagnosis was confirmed through the review of the medical records,where the systemic score,demographic characteristics,clinical manifestations,and laboratory parameters were also collected for the patients;in addition,a total of 40 HCs were recruited among the blood donors from the healthcare center with the relevant information collected.The HNL test was done for the blood samples with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the analyses were done for the correlations of HNL with clinical manifestations and diagnostic effectiveness.Results:The serum HNL increased significantly in the patients with only AOSD as compared with that in the HCs(139.76±8.99 ng/mL vs.55.92±6.12 ng/mL;P<0.001).The serum HNL level was correlated with the white blood cell(WBC)count(r=0.335,P<0.001),neutrophil count(r=0.334,P<0.001),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(r=0.241,P=0.022),C-reactive protein(r=0.442,P<0.0001),and systemic score(r=0.343,P<0.0001)in the AOSD patients significantly.Patients with fever,leukocytosis≥15,000/mm^(3),and myalgia in the HNL-positive group were observed relatively more than those in the HNL-negative group(P=0.009,P=0.023,and P=0.007,respectively).HNL was a more sensitive indicator than ferritin and C-reactive protein(CRP)to differentiate the AOSD patients with bacterial infection from AOSD-only patients,and the Youden index was 0.6 for HNL and 0.29 for CRP.Conclusion:Serum HNL can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of the AOSD,and HNL is also observed to be associated with the disease展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21007077,51290283)the Ministry of Water Resources’ Special Funds for Scientific Research on Public Causes(No.201201032)
文摘Taste and odor （T＆O） problems in drinking water frequently occur because of many compounds present in the water, of which trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol （geosrnin） and 2-methylisoborneol （MIB） are well-known. In this study, a fast and effective method was established for simultaneous determination of 10 T＆O compounds, including geosmin, MIB, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole （TCA）, 2-methylbenzofuran, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine （IPMP）, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine （IBMP）, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal, trans, cis-2,6-nonadienal, and trans-2-decenal in water samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction （SPME） coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An orthogonal array experimental design was used to optimize the effects of SPME fiber, extraction temperature, stirring rate, NaC1 content, extraction time, and desorption time. The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 73 ng/L were lower than or close to the odor threshold concentrations （OTCs）. All the 10 T＆O compounds were detected in the 14 water samples including surface water, treatment process water and tap water, taken from a waterworks in Lianyungang City, China. MIB and geosmin were detected in most samples at low concentration. Six T＆O compounds （IPMP, IBMP, trans,cis-2,6-nonadienal, 2-methylbenzofuran, trans-2-decenal, and TCA） were effectively decreased in water treatment process （sedimentation and filtration） that is different from cis-3-hexenyl acetate, MIB and geosmin. It is noted that the TCA concentrations at 15.9-122.3 ng/L and the trans,cis-2,6-nonadienal concentrations at 79.9-190.1 ng/L were over 10 times higher than their OTCs in tap water. The variation of the analytes in the all water samples, especially distribution system indicated that distribution system cannot be ignored as a T＆O compounds source.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 50938007）, the Funds for Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment （No. 2009ZX07419-001） and the Key Scientific and Technological Projects of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality （No. 12231201600）. The authors would like to express their gratitude toward members from the water treatment plants for their assistance during sampling.
文摘A comprehensive investigation into the occur-rence of odor problem at 111 drinking water treatment plants （DWTPs） in major cities across China was undertaken using both flavor profile analysis （FPA） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Eighty percent of source water samples exhibited odor problems, characterized by earthy/musty （41%） and swampy/septic （36%） odors, while the occurrence rate was lower （45%） in the finished water. Source water from rivers exhibited more pollution-origin odors, such as the swampy/septic odor, while that from lakes and reservoirs exhibited more algae- origin odors, such as earthy/musty odors. The occurrence rate of 2-methylisoborneol （2-MIB） in the surface source water samples was 75%, with 7% of samples containing 2- MIB concentrations of over 10 ng.L-1. The earthy/musty odor in the lake/reservoir water samples was mainly caused by 2-MIB （linear regression coefficient, R2= 0.69）, while the correlation between 2-MIB concentration and the earthy/musty odor intensity samples was weak （R2= 0.35） in the river-source water These results will be useful for the management of odor-quality problems in drinking water of China.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2019B110205002)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS from the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2018058)the National Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment(No.2017ZX07107-004).
文摘A typical anthropogenically disturbed urban river polluted by a combination of conventional pollutants(nitrogen and phosphorus pollution)and heavy metals was investigated along a 238 km stretch.Changes in the bacterial community were evaluated using high-throughput sequencing,and the relationships between bacteria,heavy metals,and conventional pollutants were investigated.There was large spatial heterogeneity in the bacterial community along the river,and bacterial diversity in the upstream and midstream sections was much higher than in the downstream section.Heavy metals and conventional pollutants both exhibited close correlations with bacterial diversity and composition.For instance,potential fecal indicator bacteria,sewage indicator bacteria and pathogenic bacteria,such as Ruminococcus and Pseudomonas,were closely associated with Cu,Zn,and NH_(4)^(+)-N.Rather than conventional pollutants,heavy metals were the main driving factors of the microbial community characteristics.These results confirm that bacterial communities play a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles.Therefore,heavymetals could be used as biomarkers of complex pollution to indicate the pollution status of riverine ecosystems and contribute to the restoration of habitats in anthropogenically disturbed urban rivers.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81871281,81801618,82171773,81971523,U1903210)China International Medical Foundation(No.Z-2018-40-2101)the Clinical Medicine Plus X-Young Scholars Project of Peking University(No.PKU2021LCXQ008)by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Background:Human neutrophil lipocalin(HNL)has been used extensively to differentiate acute bacterial infection from febrile diseases as a biomarker to reflect the activation of the neutrophil.The serum HNL levels in the adult-onset Still’s disease(AOSD)patients with and without infection,as well as the healthy controls(HCs),were analyzed statistically in this study to evaluate the value of HNL for the diagnosis of AOSD.Methods:A total of 129 AOSD patients were enrolled,from whom blood samples were drawn and the AOSD diagnosis was confirmed through the review of the medical records,where the systemic score,demographic characteristics,clinical manifestations,and laboratory parameters were also collected for the patients;in addition,a total of 40 HCs were recruited among the blood donors from the healthcare center with the relevant information collected.The HNL test was done for the blood samples with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the analyses were done for the correlations of HNL with clinical manifestations and diagnostic effectiveness.Results:The serum HNL increased significantly in the patients with only AOSD as compared with that in the HCs(139.76±8.99 ng/mL vs.55.92±6.12 ng/mL;P<0.001).The serum HNL level was correlated with the white blood cell(WBC)count(r=0.335,P<0.001),neutrophil count(r=0.334,P<0.001),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(r=0.241,P=0.022),C-reactive protein(r=0.442,P<0.0001),and systemic score(r=0.343,P<0.0001)in the AOSD patients significantly.Patients with fever,leukocytosis≥15,000/mm^(3),and myalgia in the HNL-positive group were observed relatively more than those in the HNL-negative group(P=0.009,P=0.023,and P=0.007,respectively).HNL was a more sensitive indicator than ferritin and C-reactive protein(CRP)to differentiate the AOSD patients with bacterial infection from AOSD-only patients,and the Youden index was 0.6 for HNL and 0.29 for CRP.Conclusion:Serum HNL can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of the AOSD,and HNL is also observed to be associated with the disease
