The acid gas absorption in four potassium based amino acid salt solutions was predicted using artificial neural network(ANN). Two hundred fifty-five experimental data points for CO_2 absorption in the four potassium b...The acid gas absorption in four potassium based amino acid salt solutions was predicted using artificial neural network(ANN). Two hundred fifty-five experimental data points for CO_2 absorption in the four potassium based amino acid salt solutions containing potassium lysinate, potassium prolinate, potassium glycinate, and potassium taurate were used in this modeling. Amine salt solution's type, temperature, equilibrium partial pressure of acid gas, the molar concentration of the solution, molecular weight, and the boiling point were considered as inputs to ANN to prognosticate the capacity of amino acid salt solution to absorb acid gas. Regression analysis was employed to assess the performance of the network. Levenberg–Marquardt back-propagation algorithm was used to train the optimal ANN with 5:12:1 architecture. The model findings indicated that the proposed ANN has the capability to predict precisely the absorption of acid gases in various amino acid salt solutions with Mean Square Error(MSE) value of 0.0011, the Average Absolute Relative Deviation(AARD) percent of 5.54%,and the correlation coefficient(R^2) of 0.9828.展开更多
In this study, tropical peat swamp soils from Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSKBB) in Indonesia was evaluated to assess the impact of oil palm and rubber plantations on this unique organic soil through...In this study, tropical peat swamp soils from Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSKBB) in Indonesia was evaluated to assess the impact of oil palm and rubber plantations on this unique organic soil through comparisons with soils from a natural forest using a polyphasic approach (chemical and molecular microbial assays). Changes in the ammonium, nitrate and phosphate concentration were observed in soils converted to agricultural use. Soil enzyme activities in plantation soils showed reduced β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase and acid phosphatase activities (50% - 55% decrease). PCR-DGGE based analysis showed that the soil bacterial community from agricultural soils exhibited the lowest similarity amongst the different microbial groups (fungi and Archaea) evaluated (34% similarity to the natural forest soil). Shannon Diversity index values showed that generally the conversion of tropical peatland natural forest to rubber plantation resulted in a greater impact on microbial diversity (ANOVA p < 0.05). Overall, this study indicated substantial shifts in the soil microbial activity and diversity upon conversion of natural peatland forest to agriculture, with a greater change being observed under rubber plantation compared to oil palm plantation. These findings provided important data for future peatland management by relating changes in the soil microbial community and activities associated to agricultural practices carried out on peatland.展开更多
Anaerobic digestion technology provides a new approach to treat organic waste while generating </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">greenhouse gas</span><span style="font-famil...Anaerobic digestion technology provides a new approach to treat organic waste while generating </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">greenhouse gas</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">GHG</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> savings. Moreover, the methane gas produced during the process can be used to generate electricity. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In order to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ensure that Australia stays on its trajectory towards a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">carbon neutral</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> future, the use of anaerobic digestion technology to treat its abundant organic waste streams should be considered</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Thirty million tonnes</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Mt</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of organic waste was produced in 2017. The use of anaerobic digestion to treat 1 tonne of waste could result in </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.143 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tonne</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-e in GHG saving</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In contrast, other more widely employed waste disposal methods such as landfilling, composting </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> incineration may generate GHG emissions. Additionally, the use of methane for electricity production also generates the least GHG emissions per MWh. This is </span><span s展开更多
We demonstrate the layer-by-layer(LbL)assembly of polyelectrolyte multilayers(PEM)on three-dimensional nanofiber scaffolds.High porosity(99%)aligned carbon nanotube(CNT)arrays are photolithographically patterned into ...We demonstrate the layer-by-layer(LbL)assembly of polyelectrolyte multilayers(PEM)on three-dimensional nanofiber scaffolds.High porosity(99%)aligned carbon nanotube(CNT)arrays are photolithographically patterned into elements that act as textured scaffolds for the creation of functionally coated(nano)porous materials.Nanometer-scale bilayers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(styrene sulfonate)(PAH/SPS)are formed conformally on the individual nanotubes by repeated deposition from aqueous solution in microfluidic channels.Computational and experimental results show that the LbL deposition is dominated by the diffusive transport of the polymeric constituents,and we use this understanding to demonstrate spatial tailoring on the patterned nanoporous elements.A proof-of-principle application,microfluidic bioparticle capture using N-hydroxysuccinimide-biotin binding for the isolation of prostate-specific antigen(PSA),is demonstrated.展开更多
Ammonia(NH_(3))is considered as a potential alternative carbon free fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emission to meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements.Co-burning NH_(3) and H_(2) is an effective way to ov...Ammonia(NH_(3))is considered as a potential alternative carbon free fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emission to meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements.Co-burning NH_(3) and H_(2) is an effective way to overcome ammonia’s relative low burning velocity.In this work,3D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)numerical simulations are conducted on a premixed NH_(3)/H_(2) swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic mechanism.The effects of(A)overall equivalence ratio Φ and(B)hydrogen blended molar fraction XH2 on combustion and emission characteristics are examined.The present results show that when 100%NH_(3)-0%H_(2)-air are burnt,the NO emission and unburned NH3 of at the swirling combustor outlet has the opposite varying trends.With the increase of Φ,NO emission is found to be decreased,while the unburnt ammonia emission is increased.NH_(2)→HNO,NH→HNO and HNO→NO sub-paths are found to play a critical role in NO formation.Normalized reaction rate of all these three sub-paths is shown to be decreased with increased Φ.Hydrogen addition is shown to significantly increase the laminar burning velocity of the mixed fuel.However,adding H_(2) does not affect the critical equivalence ratio corresponding to the maximum burning velocity.The emission trend of NO and unburnt NH_(3) with increased Φ is unchanged by blending H_(2).NO emission with increased X_(H2) is increased slightly less at a larger Φ than that at a smaller Φ.In addition,reaction rates of NH_(2)→HNO and HNO→NO sub-paths are decreased with increased X_(H2),when Φ is larger.Under all tested cases,blending H_(2) with NH_(3) reduces the unburned NH_(3) emission,especially for rich combustion conditions.In summary,the present work provides research finding on supporting applying ammonia with hydrogen blended in low-emission gas turbine engines.展开更多
Barrett’s esophagus(BE)is a condition that results from replacement of the damaged normal squamous esophageal mucosa to intestinal columnar mucosa and is the most significant predisposing factor for development of es...Barrett’s esophagus(BE)is a condition that results from replacement of the damaged normal squamous esophageal mucosa to intestinal columnar mucosa and is the most significant predisposing factor for development of esophageal adenocarcinoma.Current guidelines recommend endoscopic evaluation for screening and surveillance based on various risk factors which has limitations such as invasiveness,availability of a trained specialist,patient logistics and cost.Trans-nasal endoscopy is a less invasive modality but still has similar limitations such as limited availability of trained specialist and costs.Non-endoscopic modalities,in comparison,require minimal intervention,can be done in an office visit and has the potential to be a more ideal choice for mass public screening and surveillance,particularly in patents at low risk for BE.These include newer generations of esophageal capsule endoscopy which provides direct visualization of BE,and tethered capsule endomicroscopy which can obtain high-resolution images of the esophagus.Various cell collection devices coupled with biomarkers have been used for BE screening.Cytosponge,in combination with TFF3,as well as EsophaCap and EsoCheck have shown promising results in various studies when used with various biomarkers.Other modalities including circulatory microRNAs and volatile organic compounds that have demonstrated favorable outcomes.Use of these cell collection methods for BE surveillance is a potential area of future research.展开更多
Geochemical data and Sr-Nd isotopes of the host rocks and magmatic microgranular enclaves(MMEs)collected from the Oligocene Nodoushan Plutonic Complex(NPC) in the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt(UDMB...Geochemical data and Sr-Nd isotopes of the host rocks and magmatic microgranular enclaves(MMEs)collected from the Oligocene Nodoushan Plutonic Complex(NPC) in the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt(UDMB) were studied in order to better understand the magmatic and geodynamic evolution of the UDMB. New U-Pb zircon ages reveal that the NPC was assembled incrementally over ca. 5 m.y., during two main episodes at 30.52 ± 0.11 Ma and 30.06 ± 0.10 Ma in the early Oligocene(middle Rupelian) for dioritic and granite intrusives, and at 24.994 ± 0.037 Ma and 24.13 ± 0.19 Ma in the late Oligocene(latest Chattian) for granodioritic and diorite porphyry units,respectively. The spherical to ellipsoidal enclaves are composed of diorite to monzodiorite and minor gabbroic diorite(SiO_2 = 47.73-57.36 wt.%; Mg# = 42.15-53.04); the host intrusions are mainly granite,granodiorite and diorite porphyry(SiO_2 = 56.51-72.35 wt.%; Mg# = 26.29-50.86). All the samples used in this study have similar geochemical features, including enrichment in large ion lithophile elements(LILEs, e.g. Rb, Ba, Sr) and light rare earth elements(LREEs) relative to high field strength elements(HFSEs) and heavy rare earth elements(HREEs). These features, combined with a relative depletion in Nb,Ta, Ti and P, are characteristic of subduction-related magmas. Isotopic data for the host rocks display ISr = 0.705045-0.707959, εNd(t) =-3.23 to +3.80, and the Nd model ages(TDM) vary from 0.58 Ga to 1.37 Ga. Compared with the host rocks, the MMEs are relatively homogeneous in isotopic composition,with Isr ranging from 0.705513 to 0.707275 and εNd(t) from -1.46 to 4.62. The MMEs have TDM ranging from 0.49 Ga to 1.39 Ga. Geochemical and isotopic similarities between the MMEs and their host rocks demonstrate that the enclaves have mixed origins and were most probably formed by interactions between the lower crust-and mantle-derived magmas. Geochemical data, in combination with geodynamic evidence, suggest that a basic magma was derived from an enriched展开更多
Objective: To identify the medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases.Methods: Initially, we obtained a list of herbalists and traditional healers from Food and Drug Deputy. Direct observations and interviews a...Objective: To identify the medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases.Methods: Initially, we obtained a list of herbalists and traditional healers from Food and Drug Deputy. Direct observations and interviews as well as collection of herbarium specimens of indigenous medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases of urinary tract,reproductive, digestive, respiratory and skin systems were performed. This study was conducted through questionnaires and interviews; the questionnaires were distributed among traditional healers and simultaneous interviews were also run. The plants were herbariumized, herbarium specimens were authenticated, and their species were determined by using reliable flora and other sources. Finally, the data were input into Excel2010 and analyses were performed.Results: Out of the studied plants, 35 native medicinal plants belonging to 17 families were effective in the treatment of various diseases and infections. In this study, the Lamiaceae family had the highest frequency of plants for the treatment of infections.Traditional healers of Urmia in 24% of cases used the leaves of medicinal herb to treat patients. In 68% of cases, they prescribed medicinal herbs in the boiled forms. Most medicinal herbs showed therapeutic effect on the digestive system.Conclusions: Traditional medicinal sources, valuable knowledge of traditional healers in Urmia, the scientific investigation of the effects of the herbs offered in this study and their effects in traditional medicine may provide a good source for new drugs in modern medicine.展开更多
Many native plants in traditional medicine have been used for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the recent clinical trials have proven the efficacy of some of them. Researches conducted on these plants have...Many native plants in traditional medicine have been used for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the recent clinical trials have proven the efficacy of some of them. Researches conducted on these plants have shown that garlic, shallots, wormwood, yarrow, walnuts, thyme, henna plant, mimosa, aloe, wood betony, medlar, periwinkle, yeah, savory, black beans, etc. are ef ective on cutaneous leishmania. Synthetic agents in Iranian market have some disadvantages such as high cost and side ef ects and are painful in injections. Given the ef ectiveness of these plants, they can be a source of natural and safe compounds for the treatment of Leishmania. Therefore, more clinical researches should be done to determine the ef ectiveness and safety of these medicinal plants, their active ingredients and their possible toxic substances which can lead to the production of ef ective and safe drugs for leishmaniasis. It also might be an ef ective way to prepare herbal ointment on wound healing.展开更多
The present study introduces an innovative aerodynamic redesign of an axial flow fan based on constant diffusion factor and radial equilibrium.All input design parameters such as mass flow rate,hub to tip ratio,aspect...The present study introduces an innovative aerodynamic redesign of an axial flow fan based on constant diffusion factor and radial equilibrium.All input design parameters such as mass flow rate,hub to tip ratio,aspect ratio,tip diameter and angular velocity are taken from NASA Rotor 67 as a conventional axial flow fan.A computer program is developed to extract the three-dimensional geometry of a fan and to estimate the span-wise distribution of parameters.The new designed fan flow field is investigated in detail by CFD tool at both design and off design conditions.Finally,a turbofan cycle analysis is conducted based on thermodynamic and gas dynamic principles to evaluate the fan performance in a turbofan engine in comparison to NASA Rotor 67.Achieving a higher total pressure ratio,meeting the target pressure ratio in lower rotational speed with higher efficiency,delivering more bypass air in a constant diameter and less fuel consumption for the same specific thrust force are the main advantages for the new design strategy in comparison to the conventional designed fans such as Rotor 67.However,efficiency reduction in fan over speed is the main disadvantage.展开更多
We report here the results of a prospective analysis of the pattern of antibiotics use over a one month period(May 2009)at two teaching hospitals in Sanandaj,western part of Iran.Data on antibiotic usage were obtained...We report here the results of a prospective analysis of the pattern of antibiotics use over a one month period(May 2009)at two teaching hospitals in Sanandaj,western part of Iran.Data on antibiotic usage were obtained from the pharmacy services.Data was coded,computed and analyzed using SPSS version 11.5.A total of 1336 and 556 patients from Beasat and Tohid hospital respectively received antibiotic.Male patients represented 758(41.5 %)and females 1080(58.5 %)of the total number of patients evaluated by physicians at the two hospitals during the one month period.Usage of antibiotics varied from hospital to hospital;Beasat hospital had the highest usage.The ward-wise distribution of antibiotic use showed that the prevalence of prescribing was highest in the post partum ward(66.58%).Similarly,among Tohid hospital wards,men surgical ward and women surgical ward prescribed antibiotics significantly more than all other wards.The route of administration of antibiotics was parentrally for 85.5% and 88.2% at Beasat anf Tohid hospitals respectively.The distribution of use of individual antibiotics showed that cepfzoline was the most frequently prescribed antibiotics used at both the hospitals.Delivery(childbirth)and pneumonia were the most frequent diagnosed pattern for which an antibiotic was prescribed at Beasat and Tohid hospital respectively.In conclusion our study suggests that there is considerable scope for improving prescribing pattern among the practitioners and minimizing the use of antibiotics.The improvement would be facilitated by providing feedback,prescriber education and hospital formulary.展开更多
Objective:The concept of coping with disease appears frequently in the literature;however,there is no precise definition of coping.The aim of this study is to clarify coping concept,and to identify its attributes,ante...Objective:The concept of coping with disease appears frequently in the literature;however,there is no precise definition of coping.The aim of this study is to clarify coping concept,and to identify its attributes,antecedents,and consequences in patients with multiple sclerosis.Methods:Rodgers'evolutionary method of concept analysis was used to clarify the concept of coping.A literature review was conducted with key terms‘multiple sclerosis’,‘coping’,‘adjustment’,and‘deal with’.After searching databases,1370 papers were found for the period 1995e2017.Finally,55 articles and texts were selected for analysis.Data analysis was carried out using thematic analysis.An independent researcher checked the process to ensure credibility and reduce personal bias.Results:Coping with multiple sclerosis is a multidimensional concept with three main attributes:maintenance of emotional balance,acceptance of the disease,and self-regulation.Social support,awareness toward the disease,attitude toward the disease,and religious-spiritual beliefs were found as antecedents.Health promotion,adherence to treatment regimen,independence in personal life and social relationships,and improvement of family relationships were found as consequences of these attributes.Conclusion:These findings not only add to the body of knowledge in health science,but also serve as an important motivation for further theory development and research in this context.Nurses and health professions can also benefit from a deeper understanding of coping concept in providing and planning healthcare for these patients.展开更多
Objective:The objective of this study was to determine the etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of asymptomatic bacteriuria pathogens isolated among school going children in Sanandaj,Iran.Methods:A total...Objective:The objective of this study was to determine the etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of asymptomatic bacteriuria pathogens isolated among school going children in Sanandaj,Iran.Methods:A total of 1 457 urine samples of 5 to 10 years children from forty different schools of Sanandaj city were screened to see asymptomatic bacteriuria during November 2007 to June 2008.Results:Bacterial colony count of over (105) colony forming units CFU/ mL were found in 28(1.90%) of total cases,with 767(52.64%) girls and 690(47.35%) boys.The highest class-specific prevalence was found in the fourth standard(2.8%) and the lowest in the first standard(1.0%).The dominant bacterial isolates were E.coli 20(74.1%),followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 04(14.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus 04(14.8%).Cefotaxime,Cefixime,Kanamycin, Co-trimoxazole,nalidicxic acid,nitrofurantoin and Amoxicillin,resistance rates were above 90.0%. Ceftriaxone expressed the highest susceptibility among E.coli isolates.Surprisingly,S.aureus showed 100. 0%resistance to oxacillin.Conclusion:In the present study in which Escherichia coli is the most frequently incriminated as the causative agents.The results show a very serious antibiotic resistance of E.coli isolated. Surveillance and monitoring studies will be essential in preventing of renal scarring or other abnormalities.展开更多
API RP2AWSD is a design code in practice for design of jacket platforms in the Persian Gulf but is based on the Gulf of Mexico environmental condition. So for the sake of using this code for the Persian Gulf, it is be...API RP2AWSD is a design code in practice for design of jacket platforms in the Persian Gulf but is based on the Gulf of Mexico environmental condition. So for the sake of using this code for the Persian Gulf, it is better to perform a calibration based on this specific region. Analysis and design of jacket platforms based on API code are performed in a static manner and dynamic analysis is not recommended for such structures. Regarding the fact that the real behavior of the offshore jacket platforms is a dynamic behavior, so in this research, dynamic analysis for an offshore jacket platform in the Persian Gulf under extreme environmental condition is performed using random time domain method. Therefore, a new constructed offshore jacket platform in the Persian Gulf is selected and analyzed. Fifteen, 1-h storm, simulations for the water surface elevation is produced to capture the statistical properties of extreme sea condition. Time series of base shear and overturning moment are derived from both dynamic and static responses. By calculating the maximum dynamic amplification factor (DAF) from each simulation and fitting the collected data to Weibull distribution, the most probable maximum extreme (MPME) value for the DAF is achieved. Results show that a realistic value for DAF for this specific platform is 1.06, which is a notable value and is recommended to take into practice in design of fixed jacket platform in the Persian Gulf.展开更多
The thermomechanical behavior of precipitation-hardened aluminum alloy AA7022-T6 was studied using isothermal compression at temperatures of 623−773 K and strain rates of 0.01−1 s^−1.The experimental results indicated...The thermomechanical behavior of precipitation-hardened aluminum alloy AA7022-T6 was studied using isothermal compression at temperatures of 623−773 K and strain rates of 0.01−1 s^−1.The experimental results indicated that dynamic recrystallization(DRX)is a predominant hot deformation mechanism,especially at elevated temperatures and low strain rates.The modified Johnson−Cook(J−C)and the strain compensated Arrhenius-type models were developed to predict the hot flow behavior under different deformation conditions.The correlation coefficients of modified J−C model and the strain compensated Arrhenius-type models were 0.9914 and 0.9972,respectively,their average relative errors(ARE)were 6.074%and 4.465%,respectively,and their root mean square errors(RMSE)were 10.611 and 1.665 MPa,respectively,indicating that the strain compensated Arrhenius-type model can predict the hot flow stress of AA7022-T6 aluminum alloy with an appropriate accuracy.展开更多
文摘The acid gas absorption in four potassium based amino acid salt solutions was predicted using artificial neural network(ANN). Two hundred fifty-five experimental data points for CO_2 absorption in the four potassium based amino acid salt solutions containing potassium lysinate, potassium prolinate, potassium glycinate, and potassium taurate were used in this modeling. Amine salt solution's type, temperature, equilibrium partial pressure of acid gas, the molar concentration of the solution, molecular weight, and the boiling point were considered as inputs to ANN to prognosticate the capacity of amino acid salt solution to absorb acid gas. Regression analysis was employed to assess the performance of the network. Levenberg–Marquardt back-propagation algorithm was used to train the optimal ANN with 5:12:1 architecture. The model findings indicated that the proposed ANN has the capability to predict precisely the absorption of acid gases in various amino acid salt solutions with Mean Square Error(MSE) value of 0.0011, the Average Absolute Relative Deviation(AARD) percent of 5.54%,and the correlation coefficient(R^2) of 0.9828.
文摘In this study, tropical peat swamp soils from Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSKBB) in Indonesia was evaluated to assess the impact of oil palm and rubber plantations on this unique organic soil through comparisons with soils from a natural forest using a polyphasic approach (chemical and molecular microbial assays). Changes in the ammonium, nitrate and phosphate concentration were observed in soils converted to agricultural use. Soil enzyme activities in plantation soils showed reduced β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase and acid phosphatase activities (50% - 55% decrease). PCR-DGGE based analysis showed that the soil bacterial community from agricultural soils exhibited the lowest similarity amongst the different microbial groups (fungi and Archaea) evaluated (34% similarity to the natural forest soil). Shannon Diversity index values showed that generally the conversion of tropical peatland natural forest to rubber plantation resulted in a greater impact on microbial diversity (ANOVA p < 0.05). Overall, this study indicated substantial shifts in the soil microbial activity and diversity upon conversion of natural peatland forest to agriculture, with a greater change being observed under rubber plantation compared to oil palm plantation. These findings provided important data for future peatland management by relating changes in the soil microbial community and activities associated to agricultural practices carried out on peatland.
文摘Anaerobic digestion technology provides a new approach to treat organic waste while generating </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">greenhouse gas</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">GHG</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> savings. Moreover, the methane gas produced during the process can be used to generate electricity. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In order to</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ensure that Australia stays on its trajectory towards a </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">carbon neutral</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> future, the use of anaerobic digestion technology to treat its abundant organic waste streams should be considered</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Thirty million tonnes</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Mt</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of organic waste was produced in 2017. The use of anaerobic digestion to treat 1 tonne of waste could result in </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.143 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">tonne</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-e in GHG saving</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. In contrast, other more widely employed waste disposal methods such as landfilling, composting </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> incineration may generate GHG emissions. Additionally, the use of methane for electricity production also generates the least GHG emissions per MWh. This is </span><span s
基金This work was supported by the MRSEC Program of the National Science Foundation under award number DMR-0819762.
文摘We demonstrate the layer-by-layer(LbL)assembly of polyelectrolyte multilayers(PEM)on three-dimensional nanofiber scaffolds.High porosity(99%)aligned carbon nanotube(CNT)arrays are photolithographically patterned into elements that act as textured scaffolds for the creation of functionally coated(nano)porous materials.Nanometer-scale bilayers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(styrene sulfonate)(PAH/SPS)are formed conformally on the individual nanotubes by repeated deposition from aqueous solution in microfluidic channels.Computational and experimental results show that the LbL deposition is dominated by the diffusive transport of the polymeric constituents,and we use this understanding to demonstrate spatial tailoring on the patterned nanoporous elements.A proof-of-principle application,microfluidic bioparticle capture using N-hydroxysuccinimide-biotin binding for the isolation of prostate-specific antigen(PSA),is demonstrated.
基金financially supported by the University of Canterbury,New Zealand(No.452STUPDZ)the National Research Foundation,Prime Minister’s Office,Singapore(No.NRF2016NRF-NSFC001-102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11661141020)。
文摘Ammonia(NH_(3))is considered as a potential alternative carbon free fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emission to meet the increasingly stringent emission requirements.Co-burning NH_(3) and H_(2) is an effective way to overcome ammonia’s relative low burning velocity.In this work,3D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)numerical simulations are conducted on a premixed NH_(3)/H_(2) swirling flame with reduced chemical kinetic mechanism.The effects of(A)overall equivalence ratio Φ and(B)hydrogen blended molar fraction XH2 on combustion and emission characteristics are examined.The present results show that when 100%NH_(3)-0%H_(2)-air are burnt,the NO emission and unburned NH3 of at the swirling combustor outlet has the opposite varying trends.With the increase of Φ,NO emission is found to be decreased,while the unburnt ammonia emission is increased.NH_(2)→HNO,NH→HNO and HNO→NO sub-paths are found to play a critical role in NO formation.Normalized reaction rate of all these three sub-paths is shown to be decreased with increased Φ.Hydrogen addition is shown to significantly increase the laminar burning velocity of the mixed fuel.However,adding H_(2) does not affect the critical equivalence ratio corresponding to the maximum burning velocity.The emission trend of NO and unburnt NH_(3) with increased Φ is unchanged by blending H_(2).NO emission with increased X_(H2) is increased slightly less at a larger Φ than that at a smaller Φ.In addition,reaction rates of NH_(2)→HNO and HNO→NO sub-paths are decreased with increased X_(H2),when Φ is larger.Under all tested cases,blending H_(2) with NH_(3) reduces the unburned NH_(3) emission,especially for rich combustion conditions.In summary,the present work provides research finding on supporting applying ammonia with hydrogen blended in low-emission gas turbine engines.
文摘Barrett’s esophagus(BE)is a condition that results from replacement of the damaged normal squamous esophageal mucosa to intestinal columnar mucosa and is the most significant predisposing factor for development of esophageal adenocarcinoma.Current guidelines recommend endoscopic evaluation for screening and surveillance based on various risk factors which has limitations such as invasiveness,availability of a trained specialist,patient logistics and cost.Trans-nasal endoscopy is a less invasive modality but still has similar limitations such as limited availability of trained specialist and costs.Non-endoscopic modalities,in comparison,require minimal intervention,can be done in an office visit and has the potential to be a more ideal choice for mass public screening and surveillance,particularly in patents at low risk for BE.These include newer generations of esophageal capsule endoscopy which provides direct visualization of BE,and tethered capsule endomicroscopy which can obtain high-resolution images of the esophagus.Various cell collection devices coupled with biomarkers have been used for BE screening.Cytosponge,in combination with TFF3,as well as EsophaCap and EsoCheck have shown promising results in various studies when used with various biomarkers.Other modalities including circulatory microRNAs and volatile organic compounds that have demonstrated favorable outcomes.Use of these cell collection methods for BE surveillance is a potential area of future research.
文摘Geochemical data and Sr-Nd isotopes of the host rocks and magmatic microgranular enclaves(MMEs)collected from the Oligocene Nodoushan Plutonic Complex(NPC) in the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt(UDMB) were studied in order to better understand the magmatic and geodynamic evolution of the UDMB. New U-Pb zircon ages reveal that the NPC was assembled incrementally over ca. 5 m.y., during two main episodes at 30.52 ± 0.11 Ma and 30.06 ± 0.10 Ma in the early Oligocene(middle Rupelian) for dioritic and granite intrusives, and at 24.994 ± 0.037 Ma and 24.13 ± 0.19 Ma in the late Oligocene(latest Chattian) for granodioritic and diorite porphyry units,respectively. The spherical to ellipsoidal enclaves are composed of diorite to monzodiorite and minor gabbroic diorite(SiO_2 = 47.73-57.36 wt.%; Mg# = 42.15-53.04); the host intrusions are mainly granite,granodiorite and diorite porphyry(SiO_2 = 56.51-72.35 wt.%; Mg# = 26.29-50.86). All the samples used in this study have similar geochemical features, including enrichment in large ion lithophile elements(LILEs, e.g. Rb, Ba, Sr) and light rare earth elements(LREEs) relative to high field strength elements(HFSEs) and heavy rare earth elements(HREEs). These features, combined with a relative depletion in Nb,Ta, Ti and P, are characteristic of subduction-related magmas. Isotopic data for the host rocks display ISr = 0.705045-0.707959, εNd(t) =-3.23 to +3.80, and the Nd model ages(TDM) vary from 0.58 Ga to 1.37 Ga. Compared with the host rocks, the MMEs are relatively homogeneous in isotopic composition,with Isr ranging from 0.705513 to 0.707275 and εNd(t) from -1.46 to 4.62. The MMEs have TDM ranging from 0.49 Ga to 1.39 Ga. Geochemical and isotopic similarities between the MMEs and their host rocks demonstrate that the enclaves have mixed origins and were most probably formed by interactions between the lower crust-and mantle-derived magmas. Geochemical data, in combination with geodynamic evidence, suggest that a basic magma was derived from an enriched
基金Supported by the grant No.918/996 by Deputy for Research and Technology of Urmia University of Medical Sciences
文摘Objective: To identify the medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases.Methods: Initially, we obtained a list of herbalists and traditional healers from Food and Drug Deputy. Direct observations and interviews as well as collection of herbarium specimens of indigenous medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases of urinary tract,reproductive, digestive, respiratory and skin systems were performed. This study was conducted through questionnaires and interviews; the questionnaires were distributed among traditional healers and simultaneous interviews were also run. The plants were herbariumized, herbarium specimens were authenticated, and their species were determined by using reliable flora and other sources. Finally, the data were input into Excel2010 and analyses were performed.Results: Out of the studied plants, 35 native medicinal plants belonging to 17 families were effective in the treatment of various diseases and infections. In this study, the Lamiaceae family had the highest frequency of plants for the treatment of infections.Traditional healers of Urmia in 24% of cases used the leaves of medicinal herb to treat patients. In 68% of cases, they prescribed medicinal herbs in the boiled forms. Most medicinal herbs showed therapeutic effect on the digestive system.Conclusions: Traditional medicinal sources, valuable knowledge of traditional healers in Urmia, the scientific investigation of the effects of the herbs offered in this study and their effects in traditional medicine may provide a good source for new drugs in modern medicine.
基金Supported by Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center,Lorestan University of Medical Sciences,Khorramabad,Iran(Grant No.659-009)
文摘Many native plants in traditional medicine have been used for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the recent clinical trials have proven the efficacy of some of them. Researches conducted on these plants have shown that garlic, shallots, wormwood, yarrow, walnuts, thyme, henna plant, mimosa, aloe, wood betony, medlar, periwinkle, yeah, savory, black beans, etc. are ef ective on cutaneous leishmania. Synthetic agents in Iranian market have some disadvantages such as high cost and side ef ects and are painful in injections. Given the ef ectiveness of these plants, they can be a source of natural and safe compounds for the treatment of Leishmania. Therefore, more clinical researches should be done to determine the ef ectiveness and safety of these medicinal plants, their active ingredients and their possible toxic substances which can lead to the production of ef ective and safe drugs for leishmaniasis. It also might be an ef ective way to prepare herbal ointment on wound healing.
文摘The present study introduces an innovative aerodynamic redesign of an axial flow fan based on constant diffusion factor and radial equilibrium.All input design parameters such as mass flow rate,hub to tip ratio,aspect ratio,tip diameter and angular velocity are taken from NASA Rotor 67 as a conventional axial flow fan.A computer program is developed to extract the three-dimensional geometry of a fan and to estimate the span-wise distribution of parameters.The new designed fan flow field is investigated in detail by CFD tool at both design and off design conditions.Finally,a turbofan cycle analysis is conducted based on thermodynamic and gas dynamic principles to evaluate the fan performance in a turbofan engine in comparison to NASA Rotor 67.Achieving a higher total pressure ratio,meeting the target pressure ratio in lower rotational speed with higher efficiency,delivering more bypass air in a constant diameter and less fuel consumption for the same specific thrust force are the main advantages for the new design strategy in comparison to the conventional designed fans such as Rotor 67.However,efficiency reduction in fan over speed is the main disadvantage.
文摘We report here the results of a prospective analysis of the pattern of antibiotics use over a one month period(May 2009)at two teaching hospitals in Sanandaj,western part of Iran.Data on antibiotic usage were obtained from the pharmacy services.Data was coded,computed and analyzed using SPSS version 11.5.A total of 1336 and 556 patients from Beasat and Tohid hospital respectively received antibiotic.Male patients represented 758(41.5 %)and females 1080(58.5 %)of the total number of patients evaluated by physicians at the two hospitals during the one month period.Usage of antibiotics varied from hospital to hospital;Beasat hospital had the highest usage.The ward-wise distribution of antibiotic use showed that the prevalence of prescribing was highest in the post partum ward(66.58%).Similarly,among Tohid hospital wards,men surgical ward and women surgical ward prescribed antibiotics significantly more than all other wards.The route of administration of antibiotics was parentrally for 85.5% and 88.2% at Beasat anf Tohid hospitals respectively.The distribution of use of individual antibiotics showed that cepfzoline was the most frequently prescribed antibiotics used at both the hospitals.Delivery(childbirth)and pneumonia were the most frequent diagnosed pattern for which an antibiotic was prescribed at Beasat and Tohid hospital respectively.In conclusion our study suggests that there is considerable scope for improving prescribing pattern among the practitioners and minimizing the use of antibiotics.The improvement would be facilitated by providing feedback,prescriber education and hospital formulary.
基金The study was funded by the Research Department at Jahrom University of Medical Sciences,Jahrom.Iran.Also,this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences,Iran(Ethics approval number IR.JUMS.REC.1395.176).
文摘Objective:The concept of coping with disease appears frequently in the literature;however,there is no precise definition of coping.The aim of this study is to clarify coping concept,and to identify its attributes,antecedents,and consequences in patients with multiple sclerosis.Methods:Rodgers'evolutionary method of concept analysis was used to clarify the concept of coping.A literature review was conducted with key terms‘multiple sclerosis’,‘coping’,‘adjustment’,and‘deal with’.After searching databases,1370 papers were found for the period 1995e2017.Finally,55 articles and texts were selected for analysis.Data analysis was carried out using thematic analysis.An independent researcher checked the process to ensure credibility and reduce personal bias.Results:Coping with multiple sclerosis is a multidimensional concept with three main attributes:maintenance of emotional balance,acceptance of the disease,and self-regulation.Social support,awareness toward the disease,attitude toward the disease,and religious-spiritual beliefs were found as antecedents.Health promotion,adherence to treatment regimen,independence in personal life and social relationships,and improvement of family relationships were found as consequences of these attributes.Conclusion:These findings not only add to the body of knowledge in health science,but also serve as an important motivation for further theory development and research in this context.Nurses and health professions can also benefit from a deeper understanding of coping concept in providing and planning healthcare for these patients.
基金supported by a grant from Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
文摘Objective:The objective of this study was to determine the etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of asymptomatic bacteriuria pathogens isolated among school going children in Sanandaj,Iran.Methods:A total of 1 457 urine samples of 5 to 10 years children from forty different schools of Sanandaj city were screened to see asymptomatic bacteriuria during November 2007 to June 2008.Results:Bacterial colony count of over (105) colony forming units CFU/ mL were found in 28(1.90%) of total cases,with 767(52.64%) girls and 690(47.35%) boys.The highest class-specific prevalence was found in the fourth standard(2.8%) and the lowest in the first standard(1.0%).The dominant bacterial isolates were E.coli 20(74.1%),followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 04(14.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus 04(14.8%).Cefotaxime,Cefixime,Kanamycin, Co-trimoxazole,nalidicxic acid,nitrofurantoin and Amoxicillin,resistance rates were above 90.0%. Ceftriaxone expressed the highest susceptibility among E.coli isolates.Surprisingly,S.aureus showed 100. 0%resistance to oxacillin.Conclusion:In the present study in which Escherichia coli is the most frequently incriminated as the causative agents.The results show a very serious antibiotic resistance of E.coli isolated. Surveillance and monitoring studies will be essential in preventing of renal scarring or other abnormalities.
文摘API RP2AWSD is a design code in practice for design of jacket platforms in the Persian Gulf but is based on the Gulf of Mexico environmental condition. So for the sake of using this code for the Persian Gulf, it is better to perform a calibration based on this specific region. Analysis and design of jacket platforms based on API code are performed in a static manner and dynamic analysis is not recommended for such structures. Regarding the fact that the real behavior of the offshore jacket platforms is a dynamic behavior, so in this research, dynamic analysis for an offshore jacket platform in the Persian Gulf under extreme environmental condition is performed using random time domain method. Therefore, a new constructed offshore jacket platform in the Persian Gulf is selected and analyzed. Fifteen, 1-h storm, simulations for the water surface elevation is produced to capture the statistical properties of extreme sea condition. Time series of base shear and overturning moment are derived from both dynamic and static responses. By calculating the maximum dynamic amplification factor (DAF) from each simulation and fitting the collected data to Weibull distribution, the most probable maximum extreme (MPME) value for the DAF is achieved. Results show that a realistic value for DAF for this specific platform is 1.06, which is a notable value and is recommended to take into practice in design of fixed jacket platform in the Persian Gulf.
文摘The thermomechanical behavior of precipitation-hardened aluminum alloy AA7022-T6 was studied using isothermal compression at temperatures of 623−773 K and strain rates of 0.01−1 s^−1.The experimental results indicated that dynamic recrystallization(DRX)is a predominant hot deformation mechanism,especially at elevated temperatures and low strain rates.The modified Johnson−Cook(J−C)and the strain compensated Arrhenius-type models were developed to predict the hot flow behavior under different deformation conditions.The correlation coefficients of modified J−C model and the strain compensated Arrhenius-type models were 0.9914 and 0.9972,respectively,their average relative errors(ARE)were 6.074%and 4.465%,respectively,and their root mean square errors(RMSE)were 10.611 and 1.665 MPa,respectively,indicating that the strain compensated Arrhenius-type model can predict the hot flow stress of AA7022-T6 aluminum alloy with an appropriate accuracy.
