The number ofψ(3686)events collected by the BESⅢdetector during the 2021 run period is determined to be(2259.3±11.1)×10~6 by counting inclusiveψ(3686)hadronic events.The uncertainty is systematic and the ...The number ofψ(3686)events collected by the BESⅢdetector during the 2021 run period is determined to be(2259.3±11.1)×10~6 by counting inclusiveψ(3686)hadronic events.The uncertainty is systematic and the statistical uncertainty is negligible.Meanwhile,the numbers ofψ(3686)events collected during the 2009 and 2012run periods are updated to be(107.7±0.6)×10~6 and(345.4±2.6)×10~6,respectively.Both numbers are consistent with the previous measurements within one standard deviation.The total number ofψ(3686)events in the three data samples is(2712.4±14.3)×10~6.展开更多
We present a measurement of the integrated luminosity of e^(+)e^(-)collision data collected by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider at a center-of-mass energy of Ecm=3.773 GeV.The integrated luminosities of the ...We present a measurement of the integrated luminosity of e^(+)e^(-)collision data collected by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider at a center-of-mass energy of Ecm=3.773 GeV.The integrated luminosities of the datasets taken from December 2021 to June 2022,from November 2022 to June 2023,and from October 2023 to February 2024 were determined to be 4.995±0.019 fb^(-1),8.157±0.031 fb^(-1),and 4.191±0.016 fb^(-1),respectively,by analyzing large angle Bhabha scattering events.The uncertainties are dominated by systematic effects,and the statistical uncertainties are negligible.Our results provide essential input for future analyses and precision measurements.展开更多
Inverse design is an outstanding challenge in disordered systems with multiple length scales such as polymers,particularly when designing polymers with desired phase behavior.Here we demonstrate high-accuracy tuning o...Inverse design is an outstanding challenge in disordered systems with multiple length scales such as polymers,particularly when designing polymers with desired phase behavior.Here we demonstrate high-accuracy tuning of poly(2-oxazoline)cloud point via machine learning.With a design space of four repeating units and a range of molecular masses,we achieve an accuracy of 4℃ root mean squared error(RMSE)in a temperature range of 24–90℃,employing gradient boosting with decision trees.The RMSE is>3x better than linear and polynomial regression.We perform inverse design via particle-swarm optimization,predicting and synthesizing 17 polymers with constrained design at 4 target cloud points from 37 to 80℃.Our approach challenges the status quo in polymer design with a machine learning algorithm,that is capable of fast and systematic discovery of new polymers.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted at the G.B. Pant University Research Station, Ujhani (U.P.) in rainy (Kharif) season of the year 1994-1995 to study the effect of Rhizobium, VAM (vesicular arbuscular myc- orrhiza) and...A field experiment was conducted at the G.B. Pant University Research Station, Ujhani (U.P.) in rainy (Kharif) season of the year 1994-1995 to study the effect of Rhizobium, VAM (vesicular arbuscular myc- orrhiza) and PSB (phosphate solubilizing bacteria) inoculation, with and without P, on blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) seed yield. Phosphorus application in soil with medium P content (5.4 mg kg～1) increased nodu- lation, grain yield, N and P in plant and grain over no phosphorus control. Forty kilograms of P-2O-5 each hactare recorded an increase of 20.6 % in nodule dry weight, significant increases of 0.35 g kg～(-1) in N con- centration and 1.28 g kg～(-1) in P concentration of plant over 20 kg P-2O-5 ha～(-1). Similar significant increases of 0.59 g kg～(-l) in grain yield and 0.54 and 0.23 g kg～(-1) in N and P concentrations of the grain, respectively, over 20 kg P-2O-5 ha～(-1) were also obtained with higher dose. Inoculation of Rhizobium ＋ VAM ＋ PSB at all the stages of plant growth recorded maximum increases in all the parameters studied. Dual inoculation of Rhizobium with either VAM or PSB was generally significant in the effect and better than that of VAM ＋ PSB, however, P accumulation in plant and grain was more with VAM ＋ PSB. Among single inocula tions, Rhizobium gave highest and 21.0 % more nodule number, 34.7 % more nodule dry mass, 0.73 g kg～(-1) more N in grain and 4.2 % higher grain yield over PSB. PSB, however, registered significant increases in P concentration in plant and grain over VAM and Rhizobium.展开更多
Biodiesel is an alternative renewable fuel which is produced by using biomass resources. Its physicochemical properties are close to those of the petroleum diesel fuel. This study highlights biodiesel production from ...Biodiesel is an alternative renewable fuel which is produced by using biomass resources. Its physicochemical properties are close to those of the petroleum diesel fuel. This study highlights biodiesel production from safflower seed oil. The main aim of this experimental work is to optimize the process parameters, namely the methanolto-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature for biodiesel production. The Taguchi robust design approach was used with an L9 orthogonal array to analyze the influence of process factors on performance parameters. The results showed that the optimum yield of biodiesel was 93.8% with viscosity 5.60 c St, with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 4:1, catalyst concentration of 1.5 wt%, reaction time of 90 min and reaction temperature of 60 ℃. The catalyst concentration was found to be the most influencing parameter which contributed 51.1% and 50.8% of the total effect on the yield of biodiesel, Y;, and viscosity of biodiesel, Y;, respectively.展开更多
Due to the advances of intelligent transportation system(ITSs),traffic forecasting has gained significant interest as robust traffic prediction acts as an important part in different ITSs namely traffic signal control...Due to the advances of intelligent transportation system(ITSs),traffic forecasting has gained significant interest as robust traffic prediction acts as an important part in different ITSs namely traffic signal control,navigation,route mapping,etc.The traffic prediction model aims to predict the traffic conditions based on the past traffic data.For more accurate traffic prediction,this study proposes an optimal deep learning-enabled statistical analysis model.This study offers the design of optimal convolutional neural network with attention long short term memory(OCNN-ALSTM)model for traffic prediction.The proposed OCNN-ALSTM technique primarily preprocesses the traffic data by the use of min-max normalization technique.Besides,OCNN-ALSTM technique was executed for classifying and predicting the traffic data in real time cases.For enhancing the predictive outcomes of the OCNN-ALSTM technique,the bird swarm algorithm(BSA)is employed to it and thereby overall efficacy of the network gets improved.The design of BSA for optimal hyperparameter tuning of the CNN-ALSTM model shows the novelty of the work.The experimental validation of the OCNNALSTM technique is performed using benchmark datasets and the results are examined under several aspects.The simulation results reported the enhanced outcomes of the OCNN-ALSTM model over the recent methods under several dimensions.展开更多
Purpose A 12-lead electrocardiogram(ECG)is a screening tool to detect abnormalities that may predispose athletes to sud-den cardiac death.Newer standardized criteria have been introduced to better interpret ECG data,h...Purpose A 12-lead electrocardiogram(ECG)is a screening tool to detect abnormalities that may predispose athletes to sud-den cardiac death.Newer standardized criteria have been introduced to better interpret ECG data,however this research has predominantly focused on male athletes.It is important to include female athletes in research to better define ECG character-istics in this population.The purpose of this study was to compare the Seattle and International Criteria ECG abnormalities in Division II female collegiate athletes of various ethnicities.Methods Fifty-six females(age 20.2±1.4 years;height 1.70±0.7 m;weight 69.5±8.9 kg)completed a resting 12-lead ECG protocol.ECG data was classified as‘normal’and‘abnormal’according to the parameters of each criterion and abnormal conditions were noted.Chi-square analysis was used to assess statistical comparisons between criteria.Results There was a significant difference in abnormal classifications as the total number of ECGs identified as abnormal using the Seattle Criteria decreased from 12(21.4%)to 2(3.6%)when using the International Criteria(P<0.05).African American athletes had a higher number of abnormal ECG’s compared to White and Latina athletes using the Seattle Criteria(P=0.03).Conclusions The International Criteria significantly reduces the total number of abnormal ECG readings in female collegiate athletes compared to the Seattle Criteria and did not overly identify African American athletes with abnormalities.Further research is necessary to expand on this study and clearly define criteria for female athletes of various ethnicities.展开更多
As interconnects shrink beyond 90nm node, the presence of etch residues can createhigh via resistance and void nucleation during stress migration (SM) testing. Physical Ar+ preclean is effectivein removing residues, b...As interconnects shrink beyond 90nm node, the presence of etch residues can createhigh via resistance and void nucleation during stress migration (SM) testing. Physical Ar+ preclean is effectivein removing residues, but early SM failures have been seen due to Cu resputter from underlying trenches.Reactive preclean methods show promise in reducing CuOx and cleaning Si, N, F, C,O etch residues inpresence of H+, H* species. In this paper, reactive preclean and PVD PunchThru process (deposit-etch-deposit) is proposed as solution to conventional PVD.The PunchThru process reduces via resistance, improves SM and protects dual-damascene beveland unlanded vias from Cu diffusion by presence of thin Ta deposition step. In addition, the U-shaped interface,which minimizes electron crowding and localized heating effects, increases the mean time to failureby electromigration. Consistent, repeatable blanket film property and good parametric electrical test resultshave proven the production worthiness of this process.展开更多
A new rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin—an antihyperlipidemic drug along with most commonly prescribed drug...A new rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin—an antihyperlipidemic drug along with most commonly prescribed drugs (antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antithrombotic) in bulk and marketed combined formulations. The chromatographic separation was carried out by gradient elution mode with acetonitrile as organic modifier and 0.1% triethylamine acetate (TEAA) buffer pH 5 at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a diode array detector at wavelength 230 nm was employed for detection of the analytes. Calibration curves were linear in the range of 5-150 mg/mL for all the drugs with correlation coefficients of determination (r 2 values)Z0.999. Limits of detection (LODs) and Limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.1 to 0.27 mg/mL and 0.3 to 0.89 mg/mL respectively. Intra-day and inter-day precision was studied at three concentration levels (20, 60 and 100 mg/mL). The intra-day and inter-day RSD for all compounds was less than 2.0%. The accuracy for all compounds was found to be between 98% and 102%. Thus, the performance of the method described allows its use in quantification of atorvastatin along with 9 most commonly prescribed drugs available in market as atorvastatin combined dosage forms.展开更多
Two very important factors which determine the effectiveness of a pump are its volumetric and power efficiencies. Yin and Ghoneim constructed a prototype of a Flexible-Matrix-Composite (FMC) body pump with a very high...Two very important factors which determine the effectiveness of a pump are its volumetric and power efficiencies. Yin and Ghoneim constructed a prototype of a Flexible-Matrix-Composite (FMC) body pump with a very high volumetric efficiency or pumping potential (the relative volume reduction due to a relative input stroke). The high volumetric efficiency is attributed to the geometry of the pump’s structure (hyperboloid) as well as the high negative effective Poisson’s ratio of the 3-layer [θ/β/θ] flexible-matrix-composite (carbon/polyurethane) laminate adopted for the body of the pump. However, the power efficiency of the pump was not evaluated. It is the objective of the current paper to obtain an estimate of the power efficiency of the pump. The viscoelastic properties of the 3-layer FMC (carbon/polyurethane) laminate are evaluated experimentally using the Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) as well as analytically by applying the correspondence principle together with the micro-mechanics approach. In order to obtain an estimate of the power efficiency of the FMC body pump, the axial and shear loss factors of a laminated infinitely long cylindrical tube as functions of β and θ fiber orientation angles are determined employing the Adam and Bacon approach. The analysis engenders high loss factors (greater than 0.4), which suggests that the power efficiency of the proposed pump using the 3-layer carbon/polyurethane laminate may be low.展开更多
The unique anywhere, anytime wireless communication support offers, tremendous potential for the next generation of applications in a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The Quality of Service (QoS) has been the ever deman...The unique anywhere, anytime wireless communication support offers, tremendous potential for the next generation of applications in a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The Quality of Service (QoS) has been the ever demanding task of wireless communication to satisfy the application requirements. Geographical routing employs a greedy forwarding technique to deliver the packets to the destination and to owe the communication void, it fails to render the expected level of QoS. Opportunistic routing technique effectively utilizes the advantages of broadcasting nature of the wireless medium and selects a set of forwarding candidates instead of relying on a greedy node. To improve the efficiency of QoS routing in sparse and highly dynamic network topology, this paper proposes the Void-Aware Position based Opportunistic Routing (VAPOR). The VAPOR maintains 2-hop neighbor information to take a routing decision, but it is limited to 1-hop information when the node density is high. It efficiently balances the storage overhead and communication delay due to void and it increases the network throughput even under a sparse network. To provide a certain assurance level for packet reachability, VAPOR decides the potential forwarders based on the forwarding probability that measures link stability, capacity, and connectivity factor. It adaptively favors a path that avoids frequent link failure and unreliable link usage. By limiting the propagation area of duplicate packets, VAPOR reduces wastage of network resources, and ittakes the advantage of concurrent batch forwarding to avoid further duplication and unnecessary delay.展开更多
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China under Contracts Nos.2020YFA0406300,2020YFA0406400National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Contracts Nos.12150004,11635010,11735014,11835012,11935015,11935016,11935018,11961141012,12025502,12035009,12035013,12061131003,12192260,12192261,12192262,12192263,12192264,12192265,12221005,12225509,12235017+17 种基金the Program of Science and Technology Development Plan of Jilin Province of China under Contract Nos.20210508047RQ and 20230101021JCthe Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Large-Scale Scientific Facility Programthe CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics(CCEPP)Joint Large-Scale Scientific Facility Funds of the NSFC and CAS under Contract No.U1832207CAS Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences under Contracts Nos.QYZDJ-SSW-SLH003,QYZDJ-SSW-SLH040100 Talents Program of CASThe Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics(INPAC)Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and CosmologyEuropean Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement under Contract No.894790German Research Foundation DFG under Contracts Nos.455635585,Collaborative Research Center CRC 1044,FOR5327,GRK 2149Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare,ItalyMinistry of Development of Turkey under Contract No.DPT2006K-120470National Research Foundation of Korea under Contract No.NRF-2022R1A2C1092335National Science and Technology fund of MongoliaNational Science Research and Innovation Fund(NSRF)via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources&Institutional Development,Research and Innovation of Thailand under Contract No.B16F640076Polish National Science Centre under Contract No.2019/35/O/ST2/02907The Swedish Research CouncilU.S.Department of Energy under Contract No.DE-FG02-05ER41374。
文摘The number ofψ(3686)events collected by the BESⅢdetector during the 2021 run period is determined to be(2259.3±11.1)×10~6 by counting inclusiveψ(3686)hadronic events.The uncertainty is systematic and the statistical uncertainty is negligible.Meanwhile,the numbers ofψ(3686)events collected during the 2009 and 2012run periods are updated to be(107.7±0.6)×10~6 and(345.4±2.6)×10~6,respectively.Both numbers are consistent with the previous measurements within one standard deviation.The total number ofψ(3686)events in the three data samples is(2712.4±14.3)×10~6.
基金Supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0406400,2020YFA0406300,2023YFA1606000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(123B2077,12035009,11635010,11735014,11875054,11935015,11935016,11935018,11961141012,12025502,12035013,12061131003,12192260,12192261,12192262,12192263,12192264,12192265,12221005,12225509,12235017,12361141819)+8 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Large-Scale Scientific Facility Program,the CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics(CCEPP),the Joint Large-Scale Scientific Facility Funds of the NSFC and CAS(U2032104,U1832207)the Excellent Youth Foundation of Henan Scientific Commitee(242300421044)100 Talents Program of CASthe Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics(INPAC)and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology,German Research Foundation DFG(455635585,FOR5327,GRK 2149)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare,Italy,Ministry of Development of Turkey(DPT2006K-120470)National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2022R1A2C1092335)National Science and Technology fund of Mongolia,National Science Research and Innovation Fund(NSRF)via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources&Institutional Development,Research and Innovation of Thailand(B16F640076)Polish National Science Centre(2019/35/O/ST2/02907),the Swedish Research CouncilU.S.Department of Energy(DE-FG02-05ER41374)。
文摘We present a measurement of the integrated luminosity of e^(+)e^(-)collision data collected by the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider at a center-of-mass energy of Ecm=3.773 GeV.The integrated luminosities of the datasets taken from December 2021 to June 2022,from November 2022 to June 2023,and from October 2023 to February 2024 were determined to be 4.995±0.019 fb^(-1),8.157±0.031 fb^(-1),and 4.191±0.016 fb^(-1),respectively,by analyzing large angle Bhabha scattering events.The uncertainties are dominated by systematic effects,and the statistical uncertainties are negligible.Our results provide essential input for future analyses and precision measurements.
基金J.N.K.,Q.L.and T.B.are supported by the AME Programmatic Fund by the Agency for Science,Technology,and Research under Grant no.A1898b0043.
文摘Inverse design is an outstanding challenge in disordered systems with multiple length scales such as polymers,particularly when designing polymers with desired phase behavior.Here we demonstrate high-accuracy tuning of poly(2-oxazoline)cloud point via machine learning.With a design space of four repeating units and a range of molecular masses,we achieve an accuracy of 4℃ root mean squared error(RMSE)in a temperature range of 24–90℃,employing gradient boosting with decision trees.The RMSE is>3x better than linear and polynomial regression.We perform inverse design via particle-swarm optimization,predicting and synthesizing 17 polymers with constrained design at 4 target cloud points from 37 to 80℃.Our approach challenges the status quo in polymer design with a machine learning algorithm,that is capable of fast and systematic discovery of new polymers.
基金Project supported by the G. B. Pant Univ. of Agri. and Tech., Pantnagar, India.
文摘A field experiment was conducted at the G.B. Pant University Research Station, Ujhani (U.P.) in rainy (Kharif) season of the year 1994-1995 to study the effect of Rhizobium, VAM (vesicular arbuscular myc- orrhiza) and PSB (phosphate solubilizing bacteria) inoculation, with and without P, on blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) seed yield. Phosphorus application in soil with medium P content (5.4 mg kg～1) increased nodu- lation, grain yield, N and P in plant and grain over no phosphorus control. Forty kilograms of P-2O-5 each hactare recorded an increase of 20.6 % in nodule dry weight, significant increases of 0.35 g kg～(-1) in N con- centration and 1.28 g kg～(-1) in P concentration of plant over 20 kg P-2O-5 ha～(-1). Similar significant increases of 0.59 g kg～(-l) in grain yield and 0.54 and 0.23 g kg～(-1) in N and P concentrations of the grain, respectively, over 20 kg P-2O-5 ha～(-1) were also obtained with higher dose. Inoculation of Rhizobium ＋ VAM ＋ PSB at all the stages of plant growth recorded maximum increases in all the parameters studied. Dual inoculation of Rhizobium with either VAM or PSB was generally significant in the effect and better than that of VAM ＋ PSB, however, P accumulation in plant and grain was more with VAM ＋ PSB. Among single inocula tions, Rhizobium gave highest and 21.0 % more nodule number, 34.7 % more nodule dry mass, 0.73 g kg～(-1) more N in grain and 4.2 % higher grain yield over PSB. PSB, however, registered significant increases in P concentration in plant and grain over VAM and Rhizobium.
文摘Biodiesel is an alternative renewable fuel which is produced by using biomass resources. Its physicochemical properties are close to those of the petroleum diesel fuel. This study highlights biodiesel production from safflower seed oil. The main aim of this experimental work is to optimize the process parameters, namely the methanolto-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature for biodiesel production. The Taguchi robust design approach was used with an L9 orthogonal array to analyze the influence of process factors on performance parameters. The results showed that the optimum yield of biodiesel was 93.8% with viscosity 5.60 c St, with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 4:1, catalyst concentration of 1.5 wt%, reaction time of 90 min and reaction temperature of 60 ℃. The catalyst concentration was found to be the most influencing parameter which contributed 51.1% and 50.8% of the total effect on the yield of biodiesel, Y;, and viscosity of biodiesel, Y;, respectively.
基金This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2021R1A6A1A03039493).
文摘Due to the advances of intelligent transportation system(ITSs),traffic forecasting has gained significant interest as robust traffic prediction acts as an important part in different ITSs namely traffic signal control,navigation,route mapping,etc.The traffic prediction model aims to predict the traffic conditions based on the past traffic data.For more accurate traffic prediction,this study proposes an optimal deep learning-enabled statistical analysis model.This study offers the design of optimal convolutional neural network with attention long short term memory(OCNN-ALSTM)model for traffic prediction.The proposed OCNN-ALSTM technique primarily preprocesses the traffic data by the use of min-max normalization technique.Besides,OCNN-ALSTM technique was executed for classifying and predicting the traffic data in real time cases.For enhancing the predictive outcomes of the OCNN-ALSTM technique,the bird swarm algorithm(BSA)is employed to it and thereby overall efficacy of the network gets improved.The design of BSA for optimal hyperparameter tuning of the CNN-ALSTM model shows the novelty of the work.The experimental validation of the OCNNALSTM technique is performed using benchmark datasets and the results are examined under several aspects.The simulation results reported the enhanced outcomes of the OCNN-ALSTM model over the recent methods under several dimensions.
文摘Purpose A 12-lead electrocardiogram(ECG)is a screening tool to detect abnormalities that may predispose athletes to sud-den cardiac death.Newer standardized criteria have been introduced to better interpret ECG data,however this research has predominantly focused on male athletes.It is important to include female athletes in research to better define ECG character-istics in this population.The purpose of this study was to compare the Seattle and International Criteria ECG abnormalities in Division II female collegiate athletes of various ethnicities.Methods Fifty-six females(age 20.2±1.4 years;height 1.70±0.7 m;weight 69.5±8.9 kg)completed a resting 12-lead ECG protocol.ECG data was classified as‘normal’and‘abnormal’according to the parameters of each criterion and abnormal conditions were noted.Chi-square analysis was used to assess statistical comparisons between criteria.Results There was a significant difference in abnormal classifications as the total number of ECGs identified as abnormal using the Seattle Criteria decreased from 12(21.4%)to 2(3.6%)when using the International Criteria(P<0.05).African American athletes had a higher number of abnormal ECG’s compared to White and Latina athletes using the Seattle Criteria(P=0.03).Conclusions The International Criteria significantly reduces the total number of abnormal ECG readings in female collegiate athletes compared to the Seattle Criteria and did not overly identify African American athletes with abnormalities.Further research is necessary to expand on this study and clearly define criteria for female athletes of various ethnicities.
文摘As interconnects shrink beyond 90nm node, the presence of etch residues can createhigh via resistance and void nucleation during stress migration (SM) testing. Physical Ar+ preclean is effectivein removing residues, but early SM failures have been seen due to Cu resputter from underlying trenches.Reactive preclean methods show promise in reducing CuOx and cleaning Si, N, F, C,O etch residues inpresence of H+, H* species. In this paper, reactive preclean and PVD PunchThru process (deposit-etch-deposit) is proposed as solution to conventional PVD.The PunchThru process reduces via resistance, improves SM and protects dual-damascene beveland unlanded vias from Cu diffusion by presence of thin Ta deposition step. In addition, the U-shaped interface,which minimizes electron crowding and localized heating effects, increases the mean time to failureby electromigration. Consistent, repeatable blanket film property and good parametric electrical test resultshave proven the production worthiness of this process.
文摘随着金属导线线宽的不断缩小,在90nm 技术以下,刻蚀残留物的存在会在应力迁移测试中形成高通孔电阻和空洞成核现象。物理氩离子预清洗是一种去除残留物的有效方法。但在应力迁移测试中发现,底部沟槽铜的二次溅射会导致器件的早期失效。反应性预清洗方法由于含有H +、H 类粒子而在减少C uO x 和清洗Si,N ,F,C ,O ,等蚀刻残留物时表现出其优越性。提出了针对传统PV D 工艺的反应性预清洗及PV D 击穿(沉积,刻蚀,沉积)工艺的解决方案。阻挡层击穿工艺减少了通孔电阻,提高了应力迁移性能,并通过薄钽沉积工序防止了铜的扩散从而保护了双嵌入斜面和错位通孔。此外,使电子阻塞和局部加热效应最小化的U 型界面,提高了电子迁移失效的平均时间,一致的、可重复的覆盖膜特性和良好的电参量测试结果已经证实了这种工艺的生产价值。
基金the Department of Pharmaceuticals (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers),New Delhi,for grant of a MS(Pharm.) fellowship
文摘A new rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin—an antihyperlipidemic drug along with most commonly prescribed drugs (antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antithrombotic) in bulk and marketed combined formulations. The chromatographic separation was carried out by gradient elution mode with acetonitrile as organic modifier and 0.1% triethylamine acetate (TEAA) buffer pH 5 at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a diode array detector at wavelength 230 nm was employed for detection of the analytes. Calibration curves were linear in the range of 5-150 mg/mL for all the drugs with correlation coefficients of determination (r 2 values)Z0.999. Limits of detection (LODs) and Limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.1 to 0.27 mg/mL and 0.3 to 0.89 mg/mL respectively. Intra-day and inter-day precision was studied at three concentration levels (20, 60 and 100 mg/mL). The intra-day and inter-day RSD for all compounds was less than 2.0%. The accuracy for all compounds was found to be between 98% and 102%. Thus, the performance of the method described allows its use in quantification of atorvastatin along with 9 most commonly prescribed drugs available in market as atorvastatin combined dosage forms.
文摘Two very important factors which determine the effectiveness of a pump are its volumetric and power efficiencies. Yin and Ghoneim constructed a prototype of a Flexible-Matrix-Composite (FMC) body pump with a very high volumetric efficiency or pumping potential (the relative volume reduction due to a relative input stroke). The high volumetric efficiency is attributed to the geometry of the pump’s structure (hyperboloid) as well as the high negative effective Poisson’s ratio of the 3-layer [θ/β/θ] flexible-matrix-composite (carbon/polyurethane) laminate adopted for the body of the pump. However, the power efficiency of the pump was not evaluated. It is the objective of the current paper to obtain an estimate of the power efficiency of the pump. The viscoelastic properties of the 3-layer FMC (carbon/polyurethane) laminate are evaluated experimentally using the Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) as well as analytically by applying the correspondence principle together with the micro-mechanics approach. In order to obtain an estimate of the power efficiency of the FMC body pump, the axial and shear loss factors of a laminated infinitely long cylindrical tube as functions of β and θ fiber orientation angles are determined employing the Adam and Bacon approach. The analysis engenders high loss factors (greater than 0.4), which suggests that the power efficiency of the proposed pump using the 3-layer carbon/polyurethane laminate may be low.
文摘The unique anywhere, anytime wireless communication support offers, tremendous potential for the next generation of applications in a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The Quality of Service (QoS) has been the ever demanding task of wireless communication to satisfy the application requirements. Geographical routing employs a greedy forwarding technique to deliver the packets to the destination and to owe the communication void, it fails to render the expected level of QoS. Opportunistic routing technique effectively utilizes the advantages of broadcasting nature of the wireless medium and selects a set of forwarding candidates instead of relying on a greedy node. To improve the efficiency of QoS routing in sparse and highly dynamic network topology, this paper proposes the Void-Aware Position based Opportunistic Routing (VAPOR). The VAPOR maintains 2-hop neighbor information to take a routing decision, but it is limited to 1-hop information when the node density is high. It efficiently balances the storage overhead and communication delay due to void and it increases the network throughput even under a sparse network. To provide a certain assurance level for packet reachability, VAPOR decides the potential forwarders based on the forwarding probability that measures link stability, capacity, and connectivity factor. It adaptively favors a path that avoids frequent link failure and unreliable link usage. By limiting the propagation area of duplicate packets, VAPOR reduces wastage of network resources, and ittakes the advantage of concurrent batch forwarding to avoid further duplication and unnecessary delay.
