The effect of macadamia nut shell biochar on nitrogen,potassium,phosphorus,magnesium,calcium and sodium concentrations in potting mix used to grow Eucalyptus nitens seedlings was investigated in a glasshouse experimen...The effect of macadamia nut shell biochar on nitrogen,potassium,phosphorus,magnesium,calcium and sodium concentrations in potting mix used to grow Eucalyptus nitens seedlings was investigated in a glasshouse experiment.The treatments combined two fertiliser rates（50 and 100% rate of the commercial mix commonly used in forestry nurseries） with eight biochar rates(0,2,5,10,20,50,80 and 100 t ha;) arranged in a randomised complete block with three replicates of four sample plants.Nutrients were quantified in the potting mix and seedling leaves at four destructive harvests 135,177,219 and269 days after planting.Biochar significantly increased nitrate-N,Colwell P,Colwell K and exchangeable Na andreduced ammonium-N,Mg and Ca concentrations in the potting mix.Seedling leaf concentrations of P,K and Na were increased by biochar application,while N remained dependent on fertiliser rate only.Mg and Ca leaf concentrations decreased in response to increasing biochar rates.Elevated nitrate-N and decreased ammonium-N concentrations suggest that biochar might have increased nitrification in the potting mix.We presumed that biochar mediated processes that reduced uptake of P and K when high doses of biochar were combined with full fertilisation.Changes in potting mix K,Na,Mg and Ca were consistent with selective adsorption of ions to biochar surfaces.展开更多
The crystallization of poly(vinylcyclohexane)-b-poly(ethylene)-b-poly(vinylcyclohexane)(PVCH-PE-PVCH) triblock copolymer/chloroform solution was investigated. The solvent of the solution system was evaporated at vario...The crystallization of poly(vinylcyclohexane)-b-poly(ethylene)-b-poly(vinylcyclohexane)(PVCH-PE-PVCH) triblock copolymer/chloroform solution was investigated. The solvent of the solution system was evaporated at various temperatures. It was found that the crystallinity was decreased with increasing the solvent evaporating temperature. This indicated that the crystallinity depends on the crystallization time because the higher the evaporating temperature, the faster the speed of the solvent evaporating is. However, the melting temperature(T_m) of the block copolymer was found to depend on the competition between the crystallization and the microphase separation. When the evaporating temperature is lower(below 333 K), i.e. the speed of the solvent-evaporating is slow, the PE block crystallized freely and the T_m increased with increasing the solvent evaporating temperature, implying that the T_m only depends on the crystalline temperature. On the other hand, with the increasing temperature up to above 343 K for solvent evaporating, two melting peaks at 356 and 377 K were observed for the crystallization of PVCH-PE-PVCH in the solution. It resulted in that the crystallization and the microphase separation of the block copolymer occurred simultaneously. And the confined and unconfined crystallization coexisted for the samples. The competition of the crystallization and the microphase separation can be controlled through changing the solvent evaporating speed.展开更多
Background: The presence of polycystic ovarian morphology (PCO) without the other characteristics of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is insufficient for the diagnosis of PCOS and there is little justification f...Background: The presence of polycystic ovarian morphology (PCO) without the other characteristics of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is insufficient for the diagnosis of PCOS and there is little justification for follow up in endocrine clinics for women with PCO morphology alone. A few studies have been reported regarding the endocrine features of asymptomatic women with PCO with conflicting data about endocrine profiling. The aim of this study was to assess whether women with PCO, but who have no symptoms of PCOS differ, endocrinologically, from women with normal ovaries.?Methods: We analysed the results of ultrasound and endocrine investigations in 576 consecutive women who attended the infertility clinic between 1993 and 1995 at the Reproductive Medicine Unit of St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. Results: Three hundred and twenty eight women had PCO and 248 had normal ovaries. Among the 328 women with PCO, 169 (51.5%) had PCOS according to Rotterdam criteria. The remaining women with PCO had no symptoms of the syndrome (n = 159);they had a history of regular menses, had proven ovulatory cycles and had neither clinical nor biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism. However, these women had higher timed LH [median (IQR) 5.3 (4.2) IU/l vs 4.8 (3.4) IU/l, respectively;p = 0.044] and testosterone [2.0 (0.8) nmol/l vs 1.8 (0.8), respectively;p = 0.009] compared with women with normal ovaries (although by definition within the normal range). There was no difference in BMI or FSH between the two groups. Among the 169 women with PCOS, 45.0% (n = 76) were anovulatory without hyperandrogenism, 34.3% (n = 58) fulfilled the NIH criteria and 20.7% (n = 35) were ovulatory with hyperandrogenism. The proportion of hyperandrogenism among anovulatory women with PCO is 43.3% (58 out of 134).?Conclusions: Women with PCO, but no symptoms of the syndrome, differ endocrinologically compared with women with normal ovaries: they had higher timed LH and testosterone (although by definition wit展开更多
There are many situations in which the ability of animals to distinguish between two similar looking objects can have significant selective consequences. For example, the objects that require discrimination may be edi...There are many situations in which the ability of animals to distinguish between two similar looking objects can have significant selective consequences. For example, the objects that require discrimination may be edible versus defended prey, predators versus non-predators, or mates of varying quality. Working from the premise that there are situations in which discrimi- nation may be more or less successful, we hypothesized that individuals find it more difficult to distinguish between stimuli when they encounter them sequentially rather than simultaneously. Our study has wide biological and psychological implications from the perspective of signal perception, signal evolution, and discrimination, and could apply to any system where individuals are making relative judgments or choices between two or more stimuli or signals. While this is a general principle that might seem intuitive, it has not been experimentally tested in this context, and is often not considered in the design of models or experiments, or in the interpretation of a wide range of studies. Our study is different from previous studies in psychology in that a） the level of similarity of stimuli are gradually varied to obtain selection gradients, and b） we discuss the implications of our study for specific areas in ecology, such as the level of perfection of mimicry in predator-prey systems. Our experiments provide evidence that it is indeed more difficult to distinguish between stimuli - and to learn to distinguish between stimuli - when they are encountered sequentially rather than simultaneously, even if the intervening time interval is short .展开更多
Background:Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.The length of stay(LOS)is a well-established parameter used to evaluate health outcomes among critically ill patients with heart disease in c...Background:Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.The length of stay(LOS)is a well-established parameter used to evaluate health outcomes among critically ill patients with heart disease in cardiac intensive care units(CICUs).While evidence suggests that the presence of daylight and window views can positively influence patients’LOS,no studies to date have differentiated the impact of daylight from window views on heart disease patients.Also,existing research studies on the impact of daylight and window views have failed to account for key clinical and demographic variables that can impact the benefit of such interventions in CICUs.Methods:This retrospective study investigated the impact of access to daylight vs.window views on CICU patients'LOS.The study CICU is located in a hospital in the southeast United States and has rooms of the same size with different types of access to daylight and window views,including rooms with daylight and window views(with the patient bed located parallel to full-height,south-facing windows),rooms with daylight and no window views(with the patient bed located perpendicular to the windows),and windowless rooms.Data from electronic health records(EHRs)for the time-period September 2015 to September 2019(n=2936)were analyzed to investigate the impact of room type on patients’CICU LOS.Linear regression models were developed for the outcome of interest,controlling for potential confounding variables.Results:Ultimately,2319 patients were finally included in the study analysis.Findings indicated that patients receiving mechanical ventilation in rooms with access to daylight and window views had shorter LOS durations(16.8 h)than those in windowless rooms.Sensitivity analysis for a subset of patients with LOS≤3 days revealed that parallel bed placement to the windows and providing access to both daylight and window views significantly reduced their LOS compared to windowless rooms in the unit(P=0.007).Also,parallel bed placement to the window significantly r展开更多
This paper investigates numerically the inherent irreversibility in unsteady generalized Couette flow between two parallel plates with variable viscosity. The nonlinear governing equations are derived from the Navier-...This paper investigates numerically the inherent irreversibility in unsteady generalized Couette flow between two parallel plates with variable viscosity. The nonlinear governing equations are derived from the Navier-Stokes equations and solved numerically using a semi-discretization finite difference method together with the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg integration scheme. The profiles of velocity and the temperature obtained are used to compute the entropy generation number, Bejan number, skin friction and Nusselt number. The effects of embedded parameters on entire flow structure are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively.展开更多
Background: The care of patients with leg ulceration has developed over the p ast 15 years, although there is little information available to determine how th ese changes have affected clinical and patient defined out...Background: The care of patients with leg ulceration has developed over the p ast 15 years, although there is little information available to determine how th ese changes have affected clinical and patient defined outcomes. Objectives: To describe and evaluate the implementation of a leg ulcer strategy. Patients/metho ds: This study used a pre-and postimplementation evaluation within population -based services within the boundaries of community services providing leg ulce r care. Evidence-based leg ulcer services were developed, including standardiz ed assessment using Doppler ultrasound, rationalization of treatment using multi layer elastic high compression, development of referral criteria and acute servi ce support. Complete ulcer healing rates, health-related quality of life and u se of health resources were evaluated after 12 weeks in both pre-and postimple mentation cycles. Results: A total of 955 patients were evaluated (518 preimplem entation, 437 postimplementation). The levels of assessment and treatment were p oor prior to the change in practice with just one patient having evidence of cor rect assessment and 49 (11% ) receiving high compression therapy. Postimplement ation, this improved to 412 of 437 (94% ) having evidence of measurement of the ankle brachial pressure index, and 85% receiving compression. Twelve-week h ealing rates preimplementation ranged between 9% and 24% , and postimplementa tion rose from 19% to 39% . Combined overall healing rates improved from 71 o f 518 (14% ) to 160 of 437 (37% ), odds ratio = 3- 53, P < 0.00l. Frequency o f treatment visits reduced from a mean (SD) of 24.0 (16.1) over 12 weeks to 13.5 (8.6), P < 0.00l. Intervention led to major improvements in health-related qu ality of life (measured using the Nottingham Health Profile), with significant i mprovements for energy, pain, sleep and mobility (P < 0.0l). Conclusions: Rationalization of leg ulcer services through a total service change results in improvements in pr ofessional practice, better patient outcomes, 展开更多
Leaves from Vitis vinifera L.represent the less studied and valorized wastes of grape crops and the winery industry.This study aims thus to perform for the first time a deepened assessment of the bioactive compounds i...Leaves from Vitis vinifera L.represent the less studied and valorized wastes of grape crops and the winery industry.This study aims thus to perform for the first time a deepened assessment of the bioactive compounds in grapevine leaves.The detailed composition of main phytochemicals involved in the high antioxidant of grape leaves(2.20 g TE/100 g)was determined including carotenoids(lutein,β-carotene),tocopherols(αandɣ-tocopherol),polyphenols(phenolics acids,flavonoids),and phytosterols(β-sitosterol).In particular,high levels of lutein(0.3–1.0 g/kg)andα-tocopherol(0.2–1.2 g/kg)were observed.Moreover,the evolution of bioactive compounds during 7 harvesting times from July to October was also studied showing that the content of phytochemicals fluctuates according to the development stage of grape leaves.Phytosterols for example reached their highest levels in leaves in the later stage of maturation(T6–T7)with values around 169±40 mg/kg.展开更多
Agaricus bisporus mushrooms contain high levels of ergosterol(3–8 mg/g dw),which can be converted into vitamin D2(VD2)under ultraviolet irradiation(UV).However,the photoconversion of ergosterol can also lead to the p...Agaricus bisporus mushrooms contain high levels of ergosterol(3–8 mg/g dw),which can be converted into vitamin D2(VD2)under ultraviolet irradiation(UV).However,the photoconversion of ergosterol can also lead to the production of inactive photoisomers decreasing the production yield of VD2.This study assesses the impact of UV irradiation conditions on the conversion of ergosterol into vitamin D2.The effects of various parameters were tested including the mushroom form(powder,extract,suspension),irradiation time(0–240 min),temperature(20–40°C),intensity(0.16–0.48 mW/cm2),and agitation during UV-C irradiation.The mushroom extract was the most suitable mushroom form for VD2 production.Beyond VD2,other photoisomers(tachysterol and lumisterol),were detected through HPLC-APCI-MS and their levels increased with deep and prolonged irradiation.The highest VD2 levels(0.95–1.03 mg/g dw)were obtained by irradiating mushroom extracts with an intensity of 0.31 mW/cm2 for 10 min.These results highlight the potential of mushrooms for VD2 production through UV-C irradiation,which is accompanied by the formation of biologically-active photo-isomers.展开更多
In 1891, at the 5th International Geological Congress in Washington DC, it was suggested that Switzerland should host the 1894 Congress. Since Switzerland had not issued an official invitation for the 6th Internationa...In 1891, at the 5th International Geological Congress in Washington DC, it was suggested that Switzerland should host the 1894 Congress. Since Switzerland had not issued an official invitation for the 6th International Geological Congress, the Swiss geologists accepted somewhat reluctantly. The general lectures still con- cerned problems of classification. The most interesting discussions had to do with the structure of the Alps. The conference took place at a time between the first recognition of nappes and the general acceptance of their existence. The proponents of the nappe concept （Bertrand, Schardt; later Suess and Lugeon; modified versions： Rothpletz, Golliez） and the autochthonists （Heim, Baltzer; essentially also Renevier and Schmidt） opposed each other fiercely, before the question was finally resolved at the turn of the century.展开更多
基金Forestry Tasmaniap,BHP Billiton TEMCO Community FoundationTasmanian Community Fund+1 种基金Centre for Renewable Energy and Power Systems(CREPS)Rainbow Bee Eater Project for their support
文摘The effect of macadamia nut shell biochar on nitrogen,potassium,phosphorus,magnesium,calcium and sodium concentrations in potting mix used to grow Eucalyptus nitens seedlings was investigated in a glasshouse experiment.The treatments combined two fertiliser rates（50 and 100% rate of the commercial mix commonly used in forestry nurseries） with eight biochar rates(0,2,5,10,20,50,80 and 100 t ha;) arranged in a randomised complete block with three replicates of four sample plants.Nutrients were quantified in the potting mix and seedling leaves at four destructive harvests 135,177,219 and269 days after planting.Biochar significantly increased nitrate-N,Colwell P,Colwell K and exchangeable Na andreduced ammonium-N,Mg and Ca concentrations in the potting mix.Seedling leaf concentrations of P,K and Na were increased by biochar application,while N remained dependent on fertiliser rate only.Mg and Ca leaf concentrations decreased in response to increasing biochar rates.Elevated nitrate-N and decreased ammonium-N concentrations suggest that biochar might have increased nitrification in the potting mix.We presumed that biochar mediated processes that reduced uptake of P and K when high doses of biochar were combined with full fertilisation.Changes in potting mix K,Na,Mg and Ca were consistent with selective adsorption of ions to biochar surfaces.
文摘The crystallization of poly(vinylcyclohexane)-b-poly(ethylene)-b-poly(vinylcyclohexane)(PVCH-PE-PVCH) triblock copolymer/chloroform solution was investigated. The solvent of the solution system was evaporated at various temperatures. It was found that the crystallinity was decreased with increasing the solvent evaporating temperature. This indicated that the crystallinity depends on the crystallization time because the higher the evaporating temperature, the faster the speed of the solvent evaporating is. However, the melting temperature(T_m) of the block copolymer was found to depend on the competition between the crystallization and the microphase separation. When the evaporating temperature is lower(below 333 K), i.e. the speed of the solvent-evaporating is slow, the PE block crystallized freely and the T_m increased with increasing the solvent evaporating temperature, implying that the T_m only depends on the crystalline temperature. On the other hand, with the increasing temperature up to above 343 K for solvent evaporating, two melting peaks at 356 and 377 K were observed for the crystallization of PVCH-PE-PVCH in the solution. It resulted in that the crystallization and the microphase separation of the block copolymer occurred simultaneously. And the confined and unconfined crystallization coexisted for the samples. The competition of the crystallization and the microphase separation can be controlled through changing the solvent evaporating speed.
文摘Background: The presence of polycystic ovarian morphology (PCO) without the other characteristics of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is insufficient for the diagnosis of PCOS and there is little justification for follow up in endocrine clinics for women with PCO morphology alone. A few studies have been reported regarding the endocrine features of asymptomatic women with PCO with conflicting data about endocrine profiling. The aim of this study was to assess whether women with PCO, but who have no symptoms of PCOS differ, endocrinologically, from women with normal ovaries.?Methods: We analysed the results of ultrasound and endocrine investigations in 576 consecutive women who attended the infertility clinic between 1993 and 1995 at the Reproductive Medicine Unit of St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. Results: Three hundred and twenty eight women had PCO and 248 had normal ovaries. Among the 328 women with PCO, 169 (51.5%) had PCOS according to Rotterdam criteria. The remaining women with PCO had no symptoms of the syndrome (n = 159);they had a history of regular menses, had proven ovulatory cycles and had neither clinical nor biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism. However, these women had higher timed LH [median (IQR) 5.3 (4.2) IU/l vs 4.8 (3.4) IU/l, respectively;p = 0.044] and testosterone [2.0 (0.8) nmol/l vs 1.8 (0.8), respectively;p = 0.009] compared with women with normal ovaries (although by definition within the normal range). There was no difference in BMI or FSH between the two groups. Among the 169 women with PCOS, 45.0% (n = 76) were anovulatory without hyperandrogenism, 34.3% (n = 58) fulfilled the NIH criteria and 20.7% (n = 35) were ovulatory with hyperandrogenism. The proportion of hyperandrogenism among anovulatory women with PCO is 43.3% (58 out of 134).?Conclusions: Women with PCO, but no symptoms of the syndrome, differ endocrinologically compared with women with normal ovaries: they had higher timed LH and testosterone (although by definition wit
文摘There are many situations in which the ability of animals to distinguish between two similar looking objects can have significant selective consequences. For example, the objects that require discrimination may be edible versus defended prey, predators versus non-predators, or mates of varying quality. Working from the premise that there are situations in which discrimi- nation may be more or less successful, we hypothesized that individuals find it more difficult to distinguish between stimuli when they encounter them sequentially rather than simultaneously. Our study has wide biological and psychological implications from the perspective of signal perception, signal evolution, and discrimination, and could apply to any system where individuals are making relative judgments or choices between two or more stimuli or signals. While this is a general principle that might seem intuitive, it has not been experimentally tested in this context, and is often not considered in the design of models or experiments, or in the interpretation of a wide range of studies. Our study is different from previous studies in psychology in that a） the level of similarity of stimuli are gradually varied to obtain selection gradients, and b） we discuss the implications of our study for specific areas in ecology, such as the level of perfection of mimicry in predator-prey systems. Our experiments provide evidence that it is indeed more difficult to distinguish between stimuli - and to learn to distinguish between stimuli - when they are encountered sequentially rather than simultaneously, even if the intervening time interval is short .
文摘Background:Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.The length of stay(LOS)is a well-established parameter used to evaluate health outcomes among critically ill patients with heart disease in cardiac intensive care units(CICUs).While evidence suggests that the presence of daylight and window views can positively influence patients’LOS,no studies to date have differentiated the impact of daylight from window views on heart disease patients.Also,existing research studies on the impact of daylight and window views have failed to account for key clinical and demographic variables that can impact the benefit of such interventions in CICUs.Methods:This retrospective study investigated the impact of access to daylight vs.window views on CICU patients'LOS.The study CICU is located in a hospital in the southeast United States and has rooms of the same size with different types of access to daylight and window views,including rooms with daylight and window views(with the patient bed located parallel to full-height,south-facing windows),rooms with daylight and no window views(with the patient bed located perpendicular to the windows),and windowless rooms.Data from electronic health records(EHRs)for the time-period September 2015 to September 2019(n=2936)were analyzed to investigate the impact of room type on patients’CICU LOS.Linear regression models were developed for the outcome of interest,controlling for potential confounding variables.Results:Ultimately,2319 patients were finally included in the study analysis.Findings indicated that patients receiving mechanical ventilation in rooms with access to daylight and window views had shorter LOS durations(16.8 h)than those in windowless rooms.Sensitivity analysis for a subset of patients with LOS≤3 days revealed that parallel bed placement to the windows and providing access to both daylight and window views significantly reduced their LOS compared to windowless rooms in the unit(P=0.007).Also,parallel bed placement to the window significantly r
文摘This paper investigates numerically the inherent irreversibility in unsteady generalized Couette flow between two parallel plates with variable viscosity. The nonlinear governing equations are derived from the Navier-Stokes equations and solved numerically using a semi-discretization finite difference method together with the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg integration scheme. The profiles of velocity and the temperature obtained are used to compute the entropy generation number, Bejan number, skin friction and Nusselt number. The effects of embedded parameters on entire flow structure are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively.
文摘Background: The care of patients with leg ulceration has developed over the p ast 15 years, although there is little information available to determine how th ese changes have affected clinical and patient defined outcomes. Objectives: To describe and evaluate the implementation of a leg ulcer strategy. Patients/metho ds: This study used a pre-and postimplementation evaluation within population -based services within the boundaries of community services providing leg ulce r care. Evidence-based leg ulcer services were developed, including standardiz ed assessment using Doppler ultrasound, rationalization of treatment using multi layer elastic high compression, development of referral criteria and acute servi ce support. Complete ulcer healing rates, health-related quality of life and u se of health resources were evaluated after 12 weeks in both pre-and postimple mentation cycles. Results: A total of 955 patients were evaluated (518 preimplem entation, 437 postimplementation). The levels of assessment and treatment were p oor prior to the change in practice with just one patient having evidence of cor rect assessment and 49 (11% ) receiving high compression therapy. Postimplement ation, this improved to 412 of 437 (94% ) having evidence of measurement of the ankle brachial pressure index, and 85% receiving compression. Twelve-week h ealing rates preimplementation ranged between 9% and 24% , and postimplementa tion rose from 19% to 39% . Combined overall healing rates improved from 71 o f 518 (14% ) to 160 of 437 (37% ), odds ratio = 3- 53, P < 0.00l. Frequency o f treatment visits reduced from a mean (SD) of 24.0 (16.1) over 12 weeks to 13.5 (8.6), P < 0.00l. Intervention led to major improvements in health-related qu ality of life (measured using the Nottingham Health Profile), with significant i mprovements for energy, pain, sleep and mobility (P < 0.0l). Conclusions: Rationalization of leg ulcer services through a total service change results in improvements in pr ofessional practice, better patient outcomes,
文摘Leaves from Vitis vinifera L.represent the less studied and valorized wastes of grape crops and the winery industry.This study aims thus to perform for the first time a deepened assessment of the bioactive compounds in grapevine leaves.The detailed composition of main phytochemicals involved in the high antioxidant of grape leaves(2.20 g TE/100 g)was determined including carotenoids(lutein,β-carotene),tocopherols(αandɣ-tocopherol),polyphenols(phenolics acids,flavonoids),and phytosterols(β-sitosterol).In particular,high levels of lutein(0.3–1.0 g/kg)andα-tocopherol(0.2–1.2 g/kg)were observed.Moreover,the evolution of bioactive compounds during 7 harvesting times from July to October was also studied showing that the content of phytochemicals fluctuates according to the development stage of grape leaves.Phytosterols for example reached their highest levels in leaves in the later stage of maturation(T6–T7)with values around 169±40 mg/kg.
基金grateful to the Marche Region(Italy)for the financial support for this research project(Project:FPI400060 Assegno COVID19 RM)to Lavermicocca Funghi Spa(Macerata,Italy)for providing mushrooms.
文摘Agaricus bisporus mushrooms contain high levels of ergosterol(3–8 mg/g dw),which can be converted into vitamin D2(VD2)under ultraviolet irradiation(UV).However,the photoconversion of ergosterol can also lead to the production of inactive photoisomers decreasing the production yield of VD2.This study assesses the impact of UV irradiation conditions on the conversion of ergosterol into vitamin D2.The effects of various parameters were tested including the mushroom form(powder,extract,suspension),irradiation time(0–240 min),temperature(20–40°C),intensity(0.16–0.48 mW/cm2),and agitation during UV-C irradiation.The mushroom extract was the most suitable mushroom form for VD2 production.Beyond VD2,other photoisomers(tachysterol and lumisterol),were detected through HPLC-APCI-MS and their levels increased with deep and prolonged irradiation.The highest VD2 levels(0.95–1.03 mg/g dw)were obtained by irradiating mushroom extracts with an intensity of 0.31 mW/cm2 for 10 min.These results highlight the potential of mushrooms for VD2 production through UV-C irradiation,which is accompanied by the formation of biologically-active photo-isomers.
文摘In 1891, at the 5th International Geological Congress in Washington DC, it was suggested that Switzerland should host the 1894 Congress. Since Switzerland had not issued an official invitation for the 6th International Geological Congress, the Swiss geologists accepted somewhat reluctantly. The general lectures still con- cerned problems of classification. The most interesting discussions had to do with the structure of the Alps. The conference took place at a time between the first recognition of nappes and the general acceptance of their existence. The proponents of the nappe concept （Bertrand, Schardt; later Suess and Lugeon; modified versions： Rothpletz, Golliez） and the autochthonists （Heim, Baltzer; essentially also Renevier and Schmidt） opposed each other fiercely, before the question was finally resolved at the turn of the century.
