聚[3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩]:聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PEDOT:PSS)因其制备工艺简单、导电性能良好、成膜均匀及成本低廉等优势,已成为倒置型钙钛矿太阳能电池(perovskite solar cells,PSCs)中空穴传输层的首选材料.然而,由PSS链中的磺酸基团所导致的...聚[3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩]:聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PEDOT:PSS)因其制备工艺简单、导电性能良好、成膜均匀及成本低廉等优势,已成为倒置型钙钛矿太阳能电池(perovskite solar cells,PSCs)中空穴传输层的首选材料.然而,由PSS链中的磺酸基团所导致的酸性和吸湿性等问题,对PSCs器件的光电性能和长期稳定性都造成了不良影响.针对以上问题,本文采用向PEDOT:PSS溶液中加入适量碱性赖氨酸的方法,利用赖氨酸中的氨基与PSS链中的磺酸基团的中和反应以适度调节PEDOT:PSS的酸性,改善了沉积于其上的钙钛矿薄膜的成膜质量,提高了器件的光电性能和长期稳定性.实验结果表明:使用赖氨酸掺杂的PEDOT:PSS薄膜为空穴传输层(hole transport layer,HTL)制备的倒置型PSCs器件,其开路电压(open circuit voltage,V_(OC))从0.94 V(未掺杂的PEDOT:PSS薄膜为HTL的参考器件)提升至1.04 V,短路电流(short circuit current,J_(SC))从20.81 mA cm^(-2)(参考器件)增加到21.35 mA cm^(-2),光电转换效率(power conversion efficiency,PCE)从15.71%(参考器件)提高到17.65%.此外,将未封装的赖氨酸掺杂的PSCs器件在氮气氛围(25℃)中存储2160 h后,其PCE保持为初始效率的86.54%;而在空气环境(25℃@15%相对湿度)中储存360 h后,其PCE仍能保持初始效率的85.88%.总的说来,将碱性赖氨酸作为掺杂剂引入PEDOT:PSS溶液,不仅能够适度中和PEDOT:PSS的酸性,还能改善钙钛矿薄膜的结晶性能和成膜质量,为实现高效稳定的倒置PSCs提供了一种新的思路.展开更多
Quasi-one-dimensional(1D)antiferromagnets are known to display intriguing phenomena especially when there is a spin gap in their spin-excitation spectra.Here we demonstrate that a spin gap exists in the quasi-1D Heise...Quasi-one-dimensional(1D)antiferromagnets are known to display intriguing phenomena especially when there is a spin gap in their spin-excitation spectra.Here we demonstrate that a spin gap exists in the quasi-1D Heisenberg antiferromagnet CoTi2O5 with highly ordered Co2+/Ti4+occupation,in which the Co2+ions with S=3/2 form a 1D spin chain along the a-axis.CoTi2O5 undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at TN~24 K and exhibits obvious anisotropic magnetic susceptibility even in the paramagnetic region.Although a gapless magnetic ground state is usually expected in a quasi-1D Heisenberg antiferromagnet with half-integer spins,by analyzing the specific heat,the thermal conductivity,and the spin-lattice relaxation rate(1/T1)as a function of temperature,we found that a spin gap is opened in the spin-excitation spectrum of CoTi2O5 around TN,manifested by the rapid decrease of magnetic specific heat to zero,the double-peak characteristic in thermal conductivity,and the exponential decay of 1/T1 below TN.Both the magnetic measurements and the first-principles calculations results indicate that there is spin-orbit coupling in CoTi2O5,which induces the magnetic anisotropy in CoTi2O5,and then opens the spin gap at low temperature.展开更多
Pedestrian self-organizing movement plays a significant role in evacuation studies and architectural design.Lane formation,a typical self-organizing phenomenon,helps pedestrian system to become more orderly,the majori...Pedestrian self-organizing movement plays a significant role in evacuation studies and architectural design.Lane formation,a typical self-organizing phenomenon,helps pedestrian system to become more orderly,the majority of following behavior model and overtaking behavior model are imprecise and unrealistic compared with pedestrian movement in the real world.In this study,a pedestrian dynamic model considering detailed modelling of the following behavior and overtaking behavior is constructed,and a method of measuring the lane formation and pedestrian system order based on information entropy is proposed.Simulation and analysis demonstrate that the following and avoidance behaviors are important factors of lane formation.A high tendency of following results in good lane formation.Both non-selective following behavior and aggressive overtaking behavior cause the system order to decrease.The most orderly following strategy for a pedestrian is to overtake the former pedestrian whose speed is lower than approximately 70%of his own.The influence of the obstacle layout on pedestrian lane and egress efficiency is also studied with this model.The presence of a small obstacle does not obstruct the walking of pedestrians;in contrast,it may help to improve the egress efficiency by guiding the pedestrian flow and mitigating the reduction of pedestrian system orderliness.展开更多
触屏购买广告(Interfaces Direct-Touch Ad vertising)是指以触摸终端屏幕实现购买决策的网络广告。在营销现实中,触屏购买广告总量大、增速快、效果好,然而理论上对触屏购买广告的研究却不能很好地解决业界问题。基于此,本文首先梳理...触屏购买广告(Interfaces Direct-Touch Ad vertising)是指以触摸终端屏幕实现购买决策的网络广告。在营销现实中,触屏购买广告总量大、增速快、效果好,然而理论上对触屏购买广告的研究却不能很好地解决业界问题。基于此,本文首先梳理了触屏购买广告的理论基础——触摸对购买意愿与行为影响的相关研究。其次,本文对触屏购买广告的发展脉络进行了回顾。最后,本文梳理了影响触屏购买广告效果的相关研究,并重点探讨触屏购买广告的重要因素——购买键对触屏购买广告效果的影响,提出了未来在理论和实践层面可能有所贡献的触屏购买广告研究方向。展开更多
The behaviors of f electrons are crucial for understanding the rich phase diagrams and ground-state properties of heavy fermion(HF)systems.The complicated interactions between f electrons and conduction electrons larg...The behaviors of f electrons are crucial for understanding the rich phase diagrams and ground-state properties of heavy fermion(HF)systems.The complicated interactions between f electrons and conduction electrons largely enrich the basic properties of HF compounds.Here the electronic structure,especially the f-electron character,of the charge-density-wave(CDW)Kondo lattice compound CeTe_(3)has been studied by high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.A weakly dispersive quasiparticle band near the Fermi level has been observed directly,indicating hybridization between f electrons and conduction electrons.Temperature-dependent measurements confirm the localized to itinerant transition of f electrons as the temperature decreases.Furthermore,an energy gap formed by one conduction band at low temperature is gradually closed with increasing temperature,which probably originates from the CDW transition at extremely high temperature.Additionally,orbital information of different electrons has also been acquired with different photon energies and polarizations,which indicates the anisotropy and diverse symmetries of the orbitals.Our results may help understand the complicated f-electron behaviors when considering its interaction with other electrons/photons in CeTe_(3)and other related compounds.展开更多
Vector accelerometer has attracted much attention for its great application potential in underground seismic signal measurement. We propose and demonstrate a novel vector accelerometer based on the three fiber Bragg g...Vector accelerometer has attracted much attention for its great application potential in underground seismic signal measurement. We propose and demonstrate a novel vector accelerometer based on the three fiber Bragg gratings(FBGs)embedded in a silicone rubber compliant cylinder at 120° distributed uniformly. The accelerometer is capable of detecting the orientation of vibration with a range of 0°–360° and the acceleration through monitoring the central wavelength shifts of three FBGs simultaneously. The experimental results show that the natural frequency of the accelerometer is about 85 Hz, and the sensitivity is 84.21 pm/g in the flat range of 20 Hz–60 Hz. Through experimental calibration, the designed accelerometer can accurately obtain vibration vector information, including vibration orientation and acceleration. In addition, the range of resonant frequency and sensitivity can be expanded by adjusting the hardness of the silicone rubber materials. Due to the characteristics of small size and orientation recognition, the accelerometer can be applied to low-frequency vibration acceleration vector measurement in narrow spaces.展开更多
文摘聚[3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩]:聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PEDOT:PSS)因其制备工艺简单、导电性能良好、成膜均匀及成本低廉等优势,已成为倒置型钙钛矿太阳能电池(perovskite solar cells,PSCs)中空穴传输层的首选材料.然而,由PSS链中的磺酸基团所导致的酸性和吸湿性等问题,对PSCs器件的光电性能和长期稳定性都造成了不良影响.针对以上问题,本文采用向PEDOT:PSS溶液中加入适量碱性赖氨酸的方法,利用赖氨酸中的氨基与PSS链中的磺酸基团的中和反应以适度调节PEDOT:PSS的酸性,改善了沉积于其上的钙钛矿薄膜的成膜质量,提高了器件的光电性能和长期稳定性.实验结果表明:使用赖氨酸掺杂的PEDOT:PSS薄膜为空穴传输层(hole transport layer,HTL)制备的倒置型PSCs器件,其开路电压(open circuit voltage,V_(OC))从0.94 V(未掺杂的PEDOT:PSS薄膜为HTL的参考器件)提升至1.04 V,短路电流(short circuit current,J_(SC))从20.81 mA cm^(-2)(参考器件)增加到21.35 mA cm^(-2),光电转换效率(power conversion efficiency,PCE)从15.71%(参考器件)提高到17.65%.此外,将未封装的赖氨酸掺杂的PSCs器件在氮气氛围(25℃)中存储2160 h后,其PCE保持为初始效率的86.54%;而在空气环境(25℃@15%相对湿度)中储存360 h后,其PCE仍能保持初始效率的85.88%.总的说来,将碱性赖氨酸作为掺杂剂引入PEDOT:PSS溶液,不仅能够适度中和PEDOT:PSS的酸性,还能改善钙钛矿薄膜的结晶性能和成膜质量,为实现高效稳定的倒置PSCs提供了一种新的思路.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52372003)the Funds from Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics
文摘Quasi-one-dimensional(1D)antiferromagnets are known to display intriguing phenomena especially when there is a spin gap in their spin-excitation spectra.Here we demonstrate that a spin gap exists in the quasi-1D Heisenberg antiferromagnet CoTi2O5 with highly ordered Co2+/Ti4+occupation,in which the Co2+ions with S=3/2 form a 1D spin chain along the a-axis.CoTi2O5 undergoes an antiferromagnetic transition at TN~24 K and exhibits obvious anisotropic magnetic susceptibility even in the paramagnetic region.Although a gapless magnetic ground state is usually expected in a quasi-1D Heisenberg antiferromagnet with half-integer spins,by analyzing the specific heat,the thermal conductivity,and the spin-lattice relaxation rate(1/T1)as a function of temperature,we found that a spin gap is opened in the spin-excitation spectrum of CoTi2O5 around TN,manifested by the rapid decrease of magnetic specific heat to zero,the double-peak characteristic in thermal conductivity,and the exponential decay of 1/T1 below TN.Both the magnetic measurements and the first-principles calculations results indicate that there is spin-orbit coupling in CoTi2O5,which induces the magnetic anisotropy in CoTi2O5,and then opens the spin gap at low temperature.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71603146).
文摘Pedestrian self-organizing movement plays a significant role in evacuation studies and architectural design.Lane formation,a typical self-organizing phenomenon,helps pedestrian system to become more orderly,the majority of following behavior model and overtaking behavior model are imprecise and unrealistic compared with pedestrian movement in the real world.In this study,a pedestrian dynamic model considering detailed modelling of the following behavior and overtaking behavior is constructed,and a method of measuring the lane formation and pedestrian system order based on information entropy is proposed.Simulation and analysis demonstrate that the following and avoidance behaviors are important factors of lane formation.A high tendency of following results in good lane formation.Both non-selective following behavior and aggressive overtaking behavior cause the system order to decrease.The most orderly following strategy for a pedestrian is to overtake the former pedestrian whose speed is lower than approximately 70%of his own.The influence of the obstacle layout on pedestrian lane and egress efficiency is also studied with this model.The presence of a small obstacle does not obstruct the walking of pedestrians;in contrast,it may help to improve the egress efficiency by guiding the pedestrian flow and mitigating the reduction of pedestrian system orderliness.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(52025034)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3807100 and 2022YFB3807101)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21875190 and 52203101)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(J2019-VI-0017-0132)the Innovation Team of Shaanxi Sanqin Scholars。
文摘触屏购买广告(Interfaces Direct-Touch Ad vertising)是指以触摸终端屏幕实现购买决策的网络广告。在营销现实中,触屏购买广告总量大、增速快、效果好,然而理论上对触屏购买广告的研究却不能很好地解决业界问题。基于此,本文首先梳理了触屏购买广告的理论基础——触摸对购买意愿与行为影响的相关研究。其次,本文对触屏购买广告的发展脉络进行了回顾。最后,本文梳理了影响触屏购买广告效果的相关研究,并重点探讨触屏购买广告的重要因素——购买键对触屏购买广告效果的影响,提出了未来在理论和实践层面可能有所贡献的触屏购买广告研究方向。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12122409,11874330,11904334,12004349,and 11904335)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grants Nos.2022YFA1402201 and 2021YFA1601100)the BL03U and BL09U ARPES beam line of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF,China)。
文摘The behaviors of f electrons are crucial for understanding the rich phase diagrams and ground-state properties of heavy fermion(HF)systems.The complicated interactions between f electrons and conduction electrons largely enrich the basic properties of HF compounds.Here the electronic structure,especially the f-electron character,of the charge-density-wave(CDW)Kondo lattice compound CeTe_(3)has been studied by high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.A weakly dispersive quasiparticle band near the Fermi level has been observed directly,indicating hybridization between f electrons and conduction electrons.Temperature-dependent measurements confirm the localized to itinerant transition of f electrons as the temperature decreases.Furthermore,an energy gap formed by one conduction band at low temperature is gradually closed with increasing temperature,which probably originates from the CDW transition at extremely high temperature.Additionally,orbital information of different electrons has also been acquired with different photon energies and polarizations,which indicates the anisotropy and diverse symmetries of the orbitals.Our results may help understand the complicated f-electron behaviors when considering its interaction with other electrons/photons in CeTe_(3)and other related compounds.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61927812, 61735014, and 62105261)。
文摘Vector accelerometer has attracted much attention for its great application potential in underground seismic signal measurement. We propose and demonstrate a novel vector accelerometer based on the three fiber Bragg gratings(FBGs)embedded in a silicone rubber compliant cylinder at 120° distributed uniformly. The accelerometer is capable of detecting the orientation of vibration with a range of 0°–360° and the acceleration through monitoring the central wavelength shifts of three FBGs simultaneously. The experimental results show that the natural frequency of the accelerometer is about 85 Hz, and the sensitivity is 84.21 pm/g in the flat range of 20 Hz–60 Hz. Through experimental calibration, the designed accelerometer can accurately obtain vibration vector information, including vibration orientation and acceleration. In addition, the range of resonant frequency and sensitivity can be expanded by adjusting the hardness of the silicone rubber materials. Due to the characteristics of small size and orientation recognition, the accelerometer can be applied to low-frequency vibration acceleration vector measurement in narrow spaces.
