This editorial commented on an article in the World Journal of Gastroenterology titled“Risks of Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus in Oncological Patients Using Tyrosine Kinase-Inhibitors:Case Report and Literature An...This editorial commented on an article in the World Journal of Gastroenterology titled“Risks of Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus in Oncological Patients Using Tyrosine Kinase-Inhibitors:Case Report and Literature Analysis”by Colapietro et al.In this editorial,we focused on providing a more comprehensive exploration of hepatitis B virus reactivation(HBVr)associated with the usage of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs).It includes insights into the mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,the temporal relationship between TKIs and HBV reactivation,and preventive measures.The aim is to understand the need for nucleos(t)ide analogs(NAT)and serial blood tests for early recognition of reactivation and acute liver injury,along with management strategies.TKIs are considered to be an intermediate(1%-10%)of HBVr.Current guidelines stipulate that patients receiving therapy with high or moderate risks of reactivation or recent cancer diagnosis must have at least tested hepatitis B surface antigen,anti-hepatitis B core antigen(HBc),and anti-hepatitis B surface antibody.Anti-HBc screening in highly endemic areas means people with negative tests should be vaccinated against HBV.Nucleoside or nucleotide analogs(NAs)like entecavir(ETV),tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF),and tenofovir alafenamide(TAF)form the basis of HBV reactivation prophylaxis and treatment during immunosuppression.Conversely,lamivudine,telbivudine,and adefovir are generally discouraged due to their reduced antiviral efficacy and higher risk of fostering drug-resistant viral strains.However,these less effective NAs may still be utilized in cases where ETV,TDF,and TAF are not feasible treatment options.展开更多
近来的研究表明,由于围术期神经肌肉阻滞管理不当,肌肉松弛药(肌松药)残留阻滞及其术后并发症的发生率居高不下。需要重视神经肌肉功能监测仪、肌松药及其拮抗剂的合理应用,以利于改善神经肌肉阻滞管理。欧洲麻醉和重症监护学会(Europea...近来的研究表明,由于围术期神经肌肉阻滞管理不当,肌肉松弛药(肌松药)残留阻滞及其术后并发症的发生率居高不下。需要重视神经肌肉功能监测仪、肌松药及其拮抗剂的合理应用,以利于改善神经肌肉阻滞管理。欧洲麻醉和重症监护学会(European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care,ESAIC)首次发布围术期神经肌肉阻滞管理临床指南,旨在为临床医生提供最佳医疗管理的循证建议,以提高围术期患者安全。本指南主要聚焦在3个临床问题:肌松药是否有助于成人气管插管?神经肌肉阻滞深度是否影响腹部手术患者的预后?肌松药残留阻滞的诊断和治疗策略有哪些?根据PICO原则(患者、干预、对照、结局;patient,intervention,comparator,outcome;PICO)构建临床问题并进行文献检索。初始纳入的临床研究为24 000篇,采用逐步筛选策略,最终临床研究88篇纳入指南分析。应用GRADE方法学(Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluation,GRADE)对结局指标证据、质量等级进行评价。运用两轮德尔菲法收集专家组建议并形成统一推荐:R1推荐应用肌松药辅助气管插管(1A)。R2推荐应用肌松药以减少气管插管导致的咽部和(或)喉部损伤(1C)。R3推荐在快速顺序诱导插管(rapid sequence induction intubation,RSII)时使用短效肌松药,例如琥珀胆碱1 mg/kg或罗库溴铵0.9~1.2 mg/kg(1B)。R4推荐在需要改善外科手术条件时,加深神经肌肉阻滞深度(1B)。R5尚无足够的证据推荐深度神经肌肉阻滞可减轻术后疼痛或降低围术期并发症的发生率(2C)。R6推荐在拇内收肌处刺激尺神经,定量监测神经肌肉阻滞深度以排除肌松药残留阻滞(1B)。R7推荐应用舒更葡糖钠逆转甾体类肌松药(罗库溴铵、维库溴铵)诱导的深、中及浅度神经肌肉阻滞(1A)。R8推荐在使用新斯的明前,TOFr自行恢复至>0.2,并继续定量监测神经肌肉功能,直至TOFr超过0.9展开更多
Struvite (MgNH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O) produced synthetically from a stock solution of known phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations has been shown to...Struvite (MgNH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O) produced synthetically from a stock solution of known phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations has been shown to be an effective, alternative fertilizer-P source for various crops, but little is known about the potential agronomic effectiveness of struvite created from an actual municipal wastewater source. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil [i.e., Creldon silt loam (Oxyaquic Fragiudalf) and Calloway silt loam (Aquic Fraglossudalf) series], fertilizer-P source [i.e., synthetically produced electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECSTsyn), real-wastewater-derived ECST (ECSTreal), chemically precipitated struvite (CPST), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and an unamended control (UC)], and irrigation water type (i.e., tapwater and struvite-removed wastewater) on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and N, P, and magnesium (Mg) uptake in a 60-day, greenhouse potted-plant study. Crop growth and N, P, and Mg uptakes for the struvite treatments (i.e., CPST, ECSTsyn, and ECSTreal) were generally similar to or at least 1.2 times greater than MAP. The ECSTsyn material commonly had up to five times greater N, P, and Mg uptake in corn and soybean than any other fertilizer-P source. Struvite-removed wastewater resulted in at least 1.3 times lower dry matter and N, P, and Mg uptake than tapwater. Similar corn and soybean results from the struvite fertilizers among the various soil-water type combinations compared to MAP suggest that struvite generates similar crop responses as at least one widely used, commercially available, multi-nutrient fertilizer-P source.展开更多
We report a wavelength-tunable multi-point pump scheme of the semiconductor disk lasers(SDLs).By designing an external cavity of SDL with an intra-cavity transmission grating,multiple pump gain regions share the same ...We report a wavelength-tunable multi-point pump scheme of the semiconductor disk lasers(SDLs).By designing an external cavity of SDL with an intra-cavity transmission grating,multiple pump gain regions share the same resonator.The effect of the intra-cavity grating on the output laser power,wavelength,and beam quality was investigated.The emission wavelength could be tuned over a bandwidth of~18 nm.With multi-point pumping,we achieve the laser output power with almost no loss,and further improvement is limited by the thermal effect.The changes in the beam are due to the mode selectivity by the intra-cavity grating.展开更多
Struvite (MgNH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>?6H<sub>2</sub>O) can be produced from municipal wastewater and has been shown to be an alternative fertilizer-phosphorus (P) source for vari...Struvite (MgNH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>?6H<sub>2</sub>O) can be produced from municipal wastewater and has been shown to be an alternative fertilizer-phosphorus (P) source for various crops, but little is known about the runoff-water-quality implications from soil-applied struvite. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil [Creldon (Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs), Dapue (Fluventic Hapludolls), Roxana (Typic Udifluvents), and Calloway (Aquic Fraglossudalfs) series], fertilizer-P source [synthetically produced electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECSTsyn), real-wastewater-derived ECST (ECSTreal), chemically precipitated struvite (CPST), and monoammonium phosphate (MAP)], and water source (rainwater, groundwater, and struvite-removed real wastewater) over time on runoff-water-quality parameters from laboratory-conducted, rainfall-runoff simulations. Mesh tea bags containing each soil-fertilizer treatment combination were rained on with each water source (Trial 1), incubated for 6 months, and rained on again (Trial 2) to evaluate runoff-water quality. Struvite fertilizers had similar runoff-water-quality properties to those from MAP. In Trial 1, runoff total P (TP) concentration differences (i.e., soil-fertilizer-water-type response minus control response minus blank response) from ECSTsyn or ECSTreal were 1 to 5 times larger than MAP and CPST for all water-soil-fertilizer-P source treatment combinations, except for the Creldon-groundwater and Roxana-wastewater combinations. In both trials, runoff TP decreased over time in all water-soil and soil-fertilizer-P source treatment combinations, except for the Roxana-CPST combination where TP increased over time by 46%. The similar water-quality responses from the struvite fertilizers among the various soils and water types compared to MAP suggest that struvite has similar runoff-water-quality implications as at least one widely used, commercially available fertilizer-P source.展开更多
Conservation agriculture seeks to reduce environmental degradation through sustainable management of agricultural land.Since the 1990s,agricultural research has been conducted using remote sensing technologies;however...Conservation agriculture seeks to reduce environmental degradation through sustainable management of agricultural land.Since the 1990s,agricultural research has been conducted using remote sensing technologies;however,few previous reviews have been conducted focused on different conservation management practices.Most of the previous literature has focused on the application of remote sensing in agriculture without focusing exclusively on conservation practices,with some only providing a narrative review,others using biophysical remote sensing for quantitative estimates of the bio-geo-chemical-physical properties of soils and crops,and few others focused on single agricultural management practices.This paper used the preferred reporting items for systematic review(PRISMA)methodology to examine the last 30 years of thematic research,development,and trends associated with remote sensing technologies and methods applied to conservation agriculture research at various spatial and temporal scales.A set of predefined key concepts and keywords were applied in three databases:Scopus,Web of Science,and Google Scholar.A total of 188 articles were compiled for initial examination,where 68 articles were selected for final analysis and grouped into cover crops,crop residue,crop rotation,mulching,and tillage practices.Publications on conservation agriculture research using remote sensing have been increasing since 1991 and peaked at 10 publications in 2020.Among the 68 articles,94%used a pixel-based,while only 6%used an object-based classification method.Prior to 2005,tillage practices were abundantly studied,then crop residue was a focused theme between 2004 and 2012.From 2012 to 2020,the focus shifted again to cover crops.Ten spectral indices were used in 76%of the 68 studies.This examination offered a summary of the new potential and identifies crucial future research needs and directions that could improve the contribution of remote sensing to the provision of long-term operational services for various conservation agricult展开更多
Irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder. According to the Rome m criteria, IBS is defined as recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort for at least 3 d per month during the previ...Irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder. According to the Rome m criteria, IBS is defined as recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort for at least 3 d per month during the previous 3 mo associated with two or more of the following symptoms： improvement with defecation, onset associated with a change in the frequency of stool and/or onset associated with a change in form or appearance of stool. There is growing evidence regarding the genetic contribution in IBS, however the precise etiology of IBS is still unknown. The evaluation of the genetic influence is based on twin studies, familial aggregation and genetic epidemiological investigations. Most studies showed a concordance for IBS significantly greater in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins. The majority of the studies have shown that familial aggregation may represent exposures to a similar environment, as well as the influence of genetic factors. Whereas no specific gene has been identified in association with IBS, recent studies have noticed the importance of polymorphisms in the promoter region of the serotonin reuptake transporter gene, G-protein beta 3 subunit gene （C825T）, cholecystokinin receptor （CCKAR gene 779T〉C）, and high-producer tumor necrosis factor genotype. Further studies are necessary to determine how genetic factors influence the clinical manifestations and therapeutical response in IBS patients.展开更多
Surgical treatment of superior labral anterior posterior(SLAP) lesion becomes more and more frequent which is the consequence of evolving progress in both,imaging and surgical technique as well as implants.The first c...Surgical treatment of superior labral anterior posterior(SLAP) lesion becomes more and more frequent which is the consequence of evolving progress in both,imaging and surgical technique as well as implants.The first classification of SLAP lesions was described in 1990, a subdivision in four types existed. The rising comprehension of pathology and pathophysiology in SLAP lesions contributed to increase the types in SLAP classification to ten. Concerning the causative mechanism of SLAP lesions, acute trauma has to be differed from chronic degeneration. Overhead athletes tend to develop a glenohumeral internal rotation deficit which forms the basis for two controversial discussed potential mechanisms of pathophysiology in SLAP lesions: Internal impingement and peel-back mechanism. Clinical examination often remains unspecific whereas soft tissue imaging such as direct or indirect magnetic resonance arthrography has technically improved and is regarded to be indispensable in detection of SLAP lesions. Concomitant pathologies as Bankart lesions, rotator cuff tears or perilabral cysts should be taken into consideration when planning a personalized therapeutic strategy. In addition, normal variants such as sublabral recess, sublabral hole, Buford complex and other less common variants have to be distinguished. The most frequent SLAP type Ⅱ needs a sophisticated approach when surgical teatment comes into consideration. While SLAP repair is considered to be the standard operative option, overhead athletes benefit from a biceps tenodesis because improved patient-reported satisfaction and higher rate of return to pre-injury level of sports has been reported.展开更多
Based on nonlinear phenomena of biophoton emission observed in the past, an interference model concerning with the mechanism of interaction between living organisms and electromagnetic fields was raised. Caused by bio...Based on nonlinear phenomena of biophoton emission observed in the past, an interference model concerning with the mechanism of interaction between living organisms and electromagnetic fields was raised. Caused by biological nonlinearly polarizable double layer, destructive interference of incoming and reflected waves establishes in the outside. As a consequence, in the inside constructive interference takes place at the same time. The interference patterns may play an important role in biological self organization and in biological functions. We investigate the boundary conditions necessary for explaining these non-linear optical effects in terms of the phase conjugation. It turns out that there are solutions of the Maxwell equations which satisfy destructive interference of biophotons in agreement with the experimental results. Necessary provisions are nonlinearly polarizable optically active double layers of distances which are small compared to the wavelength of light. In addition, they have to be able to move into the nodal planes of the impinging waves within a small time interval compared to the coherence time. These conditions are likely fulfilled in the optically dense, but ordered and optically excited, highly polarizable living matter.展开更多
Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome(PI-IBS)is a particular type of IBS,with symptom onset after an acute episode of infectious gastroenteritis.Despite infectious disease resolution and clearance of the inciting p...Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome(PI-IBS)is a particular type of IBS,with symptom onset after an acute episode of infectious gastroenteritis.Despite infectious disease resolution and clearance of the inciting pathogen agent,10%of patients will develop PI-IBS.In susceptible individuals,the exposure to pathogenic organisms leads to a marked shift in the gut microbiota with prolonged changes in host-microbiota interactions.These changes can affect the gut-brain axis and the visceral sensitivity,disrupting the intestinal barrier,altering neuromuscular function,triggering persistent low inflammation,and sustaining the onset of IBS symptoms.There is no specific treatment strategy for PI-IBS.Different drug classes can be used to treat PI-IBS similar to patients with IBS in general,guided by their clinical symptoms.This review summarizes the current evidence for microbial dysbiosis in PI-IBS and analyzes the available data regarding the role of the microbiome in mediating the central and peripheral dysfunctions that lead to IBS symptoms.It also discusses the current state of evidence on therapies targeting the microbiome in the management of PI-IBS.The results of microbial modulation strategies used in relieving IBS symptomatology are encouraging.Several studies on PI-IBS animal models reported promising results.However,published data that describe the efficacy and safety of microbial targeted therapy in PI-IBS patients are scarce.Future research is required.展开更多
文摘This editorial commented on an article in the World Journal of Gastroenterology titled“Risks of Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus in Oncological Patients Using Tyrosine Kinase-Inhibitors:Case Report and Literature Analysis”by Colapietro et al.In this editorial,we focused on providing a more comprehensive exploration of hepatitis B virus reactivation(HBVr)associated with the usage of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs).It includes insights into the mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,the temporal relationship between TKIs and HBV reactivation,and preventive measures.The aim is to understand the need for nucleos(t)ide analogs(NAT)and serial blood tests for early recognition of reactivation and acute liver injury,along with management strategies.TKIs are considered to be an intermediate(1%-10%)of HBVr.Current guidelines stipulate that patients receiving therapy with high or moderate risks of reactivation or recent cancer diagnosis must have at least tested hepatitis B surface antigen,anti-hepatitis B core antigen(HBc),and anti-hepatitis B surface antibody.Anti-HBc screening in highly endemic areas means people with negative tests should be vaccinated against HBV.Nucleoside or nucleotide analogs(NAs)like entecavir(ETV),tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF),and tenofovir alafenamide(TAF)form the basis of HBV reactivation prophylaxis and treatment during immunosuppression.Conversely,lamivudine,telbivudine,and adefovir are generally discouraged due to their reduced antiviral efficacy and higher risk of fostering drug-resistant viral strains.However,these less effective NAs may still be utilized in cases where ETV,TDF,and TAF are not feasible treatment options.
文摘近来的研究表明,由于围术期神经肌肉阻滞管理不当,肌肉松弛药(肌松药)残留阻滞及其术后并发症的发生率居高不下。需要重视神经肌肉功能监测仪、肌松药及其拮抗剂的合理应用,以利于改善神经肌肉阻滞管理。欧洲麻醉和重症监护学会(European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care,ESAIC)首次发布围术期神经肌肉阻滞管理临床指南,旨在为临床医生提供最佳医疗管理的循证建议,以提高围术期患者安全。本指南主要聚焦在3个临床问题:肌松药是否有助于成人气管插管?神经肌肉阻滞深度是否影响腹部手术患者的预后?肌松药残留阻滞的诊断和治疗策略有哪些?根据PICO原则(患者、干预、对照、结局;patient,intervention,comparator,outcome;PICO)构建临床问题并进行文献检索。初始纳入的临床研究为24 000篇,采用逐步筛选策略,最终临床研究88篇纳入指南分析。应用GRADE方法学(Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development and Evaluation,GRADE)对结局指标证据、质量等级进行评价。运用两轮德尔菲法收集专家组建议并形成统一推荐:R1推荐应用肌松药辅助气管插管(1A)。R2推荐应用肌松药以减少气管插管导致的咽部和(或)喉部损伤(1C)。R3推荐在快速顺序诱导插管(rapid sequence induction intubation,RSII)时使用短效肌松药,例如琥珀胆碱1 mg/kg或罗库溴铵0.9~1.2 mg/kg(1B)。R4推荐在需要改善外科手术条件时,加深神经肌肉阻滞深度(1B)。R5尚无足够的证据推荐深度神经肌肉阻滞可减轻术后疼痛或降低围术期并发症的发生率(2C)。R6推荐在拇内收肌处刺激尺神经,定量监测神经肌肉阻滞深度以排除肌松药残留阻滞(1B)。R7推荐应用舒更葡糖钠逆转甾体类肌松药(罗库溴铵、维库溴铵)诱导的深、中及浅度神经肌肉阻滞(1A)。R8推荐在使用新斯的明前,TOFr自行恢复至>0.2,并继续定量监测神经肌肉功能,直至TOFr超过0.9
文摘Struvite (MgNH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O) produced synthetically from a stock solution of known phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations has been shown to be an effective, alternative fertilizer-P source for various crops, but little is known about the potential agronomic effectiveness of struvite created from an actual municipal wastewater source. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil [i.e., Creldon silt loam (Oxyaquic Fragiudalf) and Calloway silt loam (Aquic Fraglossudalf) series], fertilizer-P source [i.e., synthetically produced electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECSTsyn), real-wastewater-derived ECST (ECSTreal), chemically precipitated struvite (CPST), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and an unamended control (UC)], and irrigation water type (i.e., tapwater and struvite-removed wastewater) on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and N, P, and magnesium (Mg) uptake in a 60-day, greenhouse potted-plant study. Crop growth and N, P, and Mg uptakes for the struvite treatments (i.e., CPST, ECSTsyn, and ECSTreal) were generally similar to or at least 1.2 times greater than MAP. The ECSTsyn material commonly had up to five times greater N, P, and Mg uptake in corn and soybean than any other fertilizer-P source. Struvite-removed wastewater resulted in at least 1.3 times lower dry matter and N, P, and Mg uptake than tapwater. Similar corn and soybean results from the struvite fertilizers among the various soil-water type combinations compared to MAP suggest that struvite generates similar crop responses as at least one widely used, commercially available, multi-nutrient fertilizer-P source.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61790584 and 62025506)the funding from TRUMPF,and K.C.Wong Education Foundation。
文摘We report a wavelength-tunable multi-point pump scheme of the semiconductor disk lasers(SDLs).By designing an external cavity of SDL with an intra-cavity transmission grating,multiple pump gain regions share the same resonator.The effect of the intra-cavity grating on the output laser power,wavelength,and beam quality was investigated.The emission wavelength could be tuned over a bandwidth of~18 nm.With multi-point pumping,we achieve the laser output power with almost no loss,and further improvement is limited by the thermal effect.The changes in the beam are due to the mode selectivity by the intra-cavity grating.
文摘Struvite (MgNH<sub>4</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>?6H<sub>2</sub>O) can be produced from municipal wastewater and has been shown to be an alternative fertilizer-phosphorus (P) source for various crops, but little is known about the runoff-water-quality implications from soil-applied struvite. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil [Creldon (Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs), Dapue (Fluventic Hapludolls), Roxana (Typic Udifluvents), and Calloway (Aquic Fraglossudalfs) series], fertilizer-P source [synthetically produced electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECSTsyn), real-wastewater-derived ECST (ECSTreal), chemically precipitated struvite (CPST), and monoammonium phosphate (MAP)], and water source (rainwater, groundwater, and struvite-removed real wastewater) over time on runoff-water-quality parameters from laboratory-conducted, rainfall-runoff simulations. Mesh tea bags containing each soil-fertilizer treatment combination were rained on with each water source (Trial 1), incubated for 6 months, and rained on again (Trial 2) to evaluate runoff-water quality. Struvite fertilizers had similar runoff-water-quality properties to those from MAP. In Trial 1, runoff total P (TP) concentration differences (i.e., soil-fertilizer-water-type response minus control response minus blank response) from ECSTsyn or ECSTreal were 1 to 5 times larger than MAP and CPST for all water-soil-fertilizer-P source treatment combinations, except for the Creldon-groundwater and Roxana-wastewater combinations. In both trials, runoff TP decreased over time in all water-soil and soil-fertilizer-P source treatment combinations, except for the Roxana-CPST combination where TP increased over time by 46%. The similar water-quality responses from the struvite fertilizers among the various soils and water types compared to MAP suggest that struvite has similar runoff-water-quality implications as at least one widely used, commercially available fertilizer-P source.
基金This research is based upon funding supported by the Natural Resources Conservation Service(NRCS)-U.S.Department of Agriculture(USDA),under agreement number NR1871003XXXXC054.
文摘Conservation agriculture seeks to reduce environmental degradation through sustainable management of agricultural land.Since the 1990s,agricultural research has been conducted using remote sensing technologies;however,few previous reviews have been conducted focused on different conservation management practices.Most of the previous literature has focused on the application of remote sensing in agriculture without focusing exclusively on conservation practices,with some only providing a narrative review,others using biophysical remote sensing for quantitative estimates of the bio-geo-chemical-physical properties of soils and crops,and few others focused on single agricultural management practices.This paper used the preferred reporting items for systematic review(PRISMA)methodology to examine the last 30 years of thematic research,development,and trends associated with remote sensing technologies and methods applied to conservation agriculture research at various spatial and temporal scales.A set of predefined key concepts and keywords were applied in three databases:Scopus,Web of Science,and Google Scholar.A total of 188 articles were compiled for initial examination,where 68 articles were selected for final analysis and grouped into cover crops,crop residue,crop rotation,mulching,and tillage practices.Publications on conservation agriculture research using remote sensing have been increasing since 1991 and peaked at 10 publications in 2020.Among the 68 articles,94%used a pixel-based,while only 6%used an object-based classification method.Prior to 2005,tillage practices were abundantly studied,then crop residue was a focused theme between 2004 and 2012.From 2012 to 2020,the focus shifted again to cover crops.Ten spectral indices were used in 76%of the 68 studies.This examination offered a summary of the new potential and identifies crucial future research needs and directions that could improve the contribution of remote sensing to the provision of long-term operational services for various conservation agricult
文摘Irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder. According to the Rome m criteria, IBS is defined as recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort for at least 3 d per month during the previous 3 mo associated with two or more of the following symptoms： improvement with defecation, onset associated with a change in the frequency of stool and/or onset associated with a change in form or appearance of stool. There is growing evidence regarding the genetic contribution in IBS, however the precise etiology of IBS is still unknown. The evaluation of the genetic influence is based on twin studies, familial aggregation and genetic epidemiological investigations. Most studies showed a concordance for IBS significantly greater in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins. The majority of the studies have shown that familial aggregation may represent exposures to a similar environment, as well as the influence of genetic factors. Whereas no specific gene has been identified in association with IBS, recent studies have noticed the importance of polymorphisms in the promoter region of the serotonin reuptake transporter gene, G-protein beta 3 subunit gene （C825T）, cholecystokinin receptor （CCKAR gene 779T〉C）, and high-producer tumor necrosis factor genotype. Further studies are necessary to determine how genetic factors influence the clinical manifestations and therapeutical response in IBS patients.
文摘Surgical treatment of superior labral anterior posterior(SLAP) lesion becomes more and more frequent which is the consequence of evolving progress in both,imaging and surgical technique as well as implants.The first classification of SLAP lesions was described in 1990, a subdivision in four types existed. The rising comprehension of pathology and pathophysiology in SLAP lesions contributed to increase the types in SLAP classification to ten. Concerning the causative mechanism of SLAP lesions, acute trauma has to be differed from chronic degeneration. Overhead athletes tend to develop a glenohumeral internal rotation deficit which forms the basis for two controversial discussed potential mechanisms of pathophysiology in SLAP lesions: Internal impingement and peel-back mechanism. Clinical examination often remains unspecific whereas soft tissue imaging such as direct or indirect magnetic resonance arthrography has technically improved and is regarded to be indispensable in detection of SLAP lesions. Concomitant pathologies as Bankart lesions, rotator cuff tears or perilabral cysts should be taken into consideration when planning a personalized therapeutic strategy. In addition, normal variants such as sublabral recess, sublabral hole, Buford complex and other less common variants have to be distinguished. The most frequent SLAP type Ⅱ needs a sophisticated approach when surgical teatment comes into consideration. While SLAP repair is considered to be the standard operative option, overhead athletes benefit from a biceps tenodesis because improved patient-reported satisfaction and higher rate of return to pre-injury level of sports has been reported.
文摘Based on nonlinear phenomena of biophoton emission observed in the past, an interference model concerning with the mechanism of interaction between living organisms and electromagnetic fields was raised. Caused by biological nonlinearly polarizable double layer, destructive interference of incoming and reflected waves establishes in the outside. As a consequence, in the inside constructive interference takes place at the same time. The interference patterns may play an important role in biological self organization and in biological functions. We investigate the boundary conditions necessary for explaining these non-linear optical effects in terms of the phase conjugation. It turns out that there are solutions of the Maxwell equations which satisfy destructive interference of biophotons in agreement with the experimental results. Necessary provisions are nonlinearly polarizable optically active double layers of distances which are small compared to the wavelength of light. In addition, they have to be able to move into the nodal planes of the impinging waves within a small time interval compared to the coherence time. These conditions are likely fulfilled in the optically dense, but ordered and optically excited, highly polarizable living matter.
文摘Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome(PI-IBS)is a particular type of IBS,with symptom onset after an acute episode of infectious gastroenteritis.Despite infectious disease resolution and clearance of the inciting pathogen agent,10%of patients will develop PI-IBS.In susceptible individuals,the exposure to pathogenic organisms leads to a marked shift in the gut microbiota with prolonged changes in host-microbiota interactions.These changes can affect the gut-brain axis and the visceral sensitivity,disrupting the intestinal barrier,altering neuromuscular function,triggering persistent low inflammation,and sustaining the onset of IBS symptoms.There is no specific treatment strategy for PI-IBS.Different drug classes can be used to treat PI-IBS similar to patients with IBS in general,guided by their clinical symptoms.This review summarizes the current evidence for microbial dysbiosis in PI-IBS and analyzes the available data regarding the role of the microbiome in mediating the central and peripheral dysfunctions that lead to IBS symptoms.It also discusses the current state of evidence on therapies targeting the microbiome in the management of PI-IBS.The results of microbial modulation strategies used in relieving IBS symptomatology are encouraging.Several studies on PI-IBS animal models reported promising results.However,published data that describe the efficacy and safety of microbial targeted therapy in PI-IBS patients are scarce.Future research is required.
