It is first reported in the present paper that whole-body irradiation (WBI) with low dose X-rays could increase intracellular calcium ions ([Ca2+]i) and stimulate protein kinase C (PKC) activity of mouse lymphocytes. ...It is first reported in the present paper that whole-body irradiation (WBI) with low dose X-rays could increase intracellular calcium ions ([Ca2+]i) and stimulate protein kinase C (PKC) activity of mouse lymphocytes. Following WBI of male Kunming micc With 75 mGy X-rays at a dose rate of 12.5 mGy/min the mobilization of [Ca2+]i with Con A in CD4+ and CD8+ Cells in the thymus and spleen was potentiated and the amplitude of [Ca2+], mobilization in thymocytes in response to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody increased with time from 4 to 24 h following low dose radiation. The PKC activity in the homogenate of spleen was markedly stimulated 12 h after WBl with 75 mGy, reaching its peak value at 24-48 h and coming down to lower than normal on day 7. However, the PKC activity in the separated T lymphocytes reached its peak value at 12 h and that in the B lymphocytes reached its peak value on day 4, both coming down to below control on day 7. The implications of this facilitation of signal transduction in T lymphocytes in the mechanism of immunoenhancement after low dose radiation were discussed展开更多
背景：新近批准药物可能比原有药物更易产生未被认识的药品不良反应(adverse drug reaction，ADRs)，但是近期的研究没有检查上市后监测发现的重要ADRs的频率。目的：确定黑框警告中提及之新ADRs或者药物必需从市场撤出的频率和时间。...背景：新近批准药物可能比原有药物更易产生未被认识的药品不良反应(adverse drug reaction，ADRs)，但是近期的研究没有检查上市后监测发现的重要ADRs的频率。目的：确定黑框警告中提及之新ADRs或者药物必需从市场撤出的频率和时间。设计和地点：于《医生案头手册》检查1975～1999年美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)批准的所有的新的化合物及1975～2000年撤出市场的所有药品(无论先前有无黑框警告)。主要观察指标：黑框警告或药品撤出的发生频率和时间。结果：1975～1999年总共批准通过．548种新的化合物；其中56种(10．2％)被提出黑框警告或撤出市场。45种(8．2％)被提出1种或多种黑框警告，16种(2．9％)撤出市场。在Kaplan—Meier分析中，估计25年内提出黑框警告或撤出市场的药物所占比例为20％。在《医生案头手册》中之药品说明书共有81处重要变化，其中包括对一种药物提出1个或多个黑框警告，或撤出市场。在：Kaplan-Meier分析中，这些变化有半数发生在药物使用后7年内；半数药物撤出发生在2年内。结论：严重ADRs通常发生在FDA批准上市之后。新药的安全性只有在上市使用多年以后才能确定。展开更多
美国心脏病学会／美国心脏协会（ACC／AHA）医疗指南工作组尽力避免因编写委员会成员与企业的关系或个人利益而导致的任何实际的、可能的，或者是已发现的利益冲突。编写委员会的所有成员以及本文件的同行评议人必须对可能被视为是实际...美国心脏病学会／美国心脏协会（ACC／AHA）医疗指南工作组尽力避免因编写委员会成员与企业的关系或个人利益而导致的任何实际的、可能的，或者是已发现的利益冲突。编写委员会的所有成员以及本文件的同行评议人必须对可能被视为是实际上或是潜在的利益冲突进行声明。工作组对以上声明进行审查。在每次会议上，这些声明必须口头汇报给编写委员会的每位成员；当发生变动时，编写委员会对声明进行更新并再次核查。编写委员会成员和企业的关系见附表1，同行评议人与企业的关系见附表2。本指南旨在确定在大多数情形下满足大部分患者需求的方案。指南反映了对当前可获得的科学文献进行系统分析后专家们达成的共识，其目的在于提高医疗质量。如果将指南用于管理／投资决策，其终极目标应是医疗质量得到提高并服务于患者。关于具体患者的医疗问题，必须由医疗人员和患者根据具体情况共同做出最终决定。Sidney C Smith，Jr．，MD，FACC，FAHA ACC／AHA医疗指南工作组主席Elliot M．Antman，MD，FACC，FAHA展开更多
心血管病（cardiovascular disease，CVD）是美国以及全世界大多数国家妇女死亡的主要原因。当代预防CVD的措施包括改变成人生活方式以及对CVD的危险因素（高血压、高胆固醇血症或糖尿病）采取药物治疗。在JAMA杂志中，Howard等在妇女...心血管病（cardiovascular disease，CVD）是美国以及全世界大多数国家妇女死亡的主要原因。当代预防CVD的措施包括改变成人生活方式以及对CVD的危险因素（高血压、高胆固醇血症或糖尿病）采取药物治疗。在JAMA杂志中，Howard等在妇女健康启动（Women＇s Health Initiatine，WHI）研究的基础上，及时报告、提供了妇女CVD预防的重要结果。展开更多
Zinc and copper intakes and serum concentrations were determined at the 32th and 36th week of pregnancy in 96 healthy Thai women attending a prenatal clinic. Dietary data from 3-day food records revealed that the mean...Zinc and copper intakes and serum concentrations were determined at the 32th and 36th week of pregnancy in 96 healthy Thai women attending a prenatal clinic. Dietary data from 3-day food records revealed that the mean dietary zinc and copper intakes in Thai pregnant women were 6. 9 and 1. 7mg/d (equivalent to 34 and 69% of Thai RDA), respectively. Fifty-five percent of zinc intake was from animal origin, whereas 59% of copper intake was from plant origin.The infants of the 64 women who were in the study until delivery, were all normal.Most (>96%) of the maternal serum zinc and copper concentrations were within normal ranges. Only one woman at 32th week had low serum zinc level (<6. 4μmol/L). There were no significant correlations between the maternal serum zinc or copper levels and pregnancy outcome (birth weight and birth length). In this study, although the zinc and copper intake in most Thai pregnant women (99 and 58%, respectively) were less than two-thirds of the Thai RDAs, they were not at risk of suffering from zinc and copper deficiencies as determined by serum zine and copper concentrations, abnormal parturition and abnormal pregnancy outcome.展开更多
文摘It is first reported in the present paper that whole-body irradiation (WBI) with low dose X-rays could increase intracellular calcium ions ([Ca2+]i) and stimulate protein kinase C (PKC) activity of mouse lymphocytes. Following WBI of male Kunming micc With 75 mGy X-rays at a dose rate of 12.5 mGy/min the mobilization of [Ca2+]i with Con A in CD4+ and CD8+ Cells in the thymus and spleen was potentiated and the amplitude of [Ca2+], mobilization in thymocytes in response to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody increased with time from 4 to 24 h following low dose radiation. The PKC activity in the homogenate of spleen was markedly stimulated 12 h after WBl with 75 mGy, reaching its peak value at 24-48 h and coming down to lower than normal on day 7. However, the PKC activity in the separated T lymphocytes reached its peak value at 12 h and that in the B lymphocytes reached its peak value on day 4, both coming down to below control on day 7. The implications of this facilitation of signal transduction in T lymphocytes in the mechanism of immunoenhancement after low dose radiation were discussed
文摘背景：新近批准药物可能比原有药物更易产生未被认识的药品不良反应(adverse drug reaction，ADRs)，但是近期的研究没有检查上市后监测发现的重要ADRs的频率。目的：确定黑框警告中提及之新ADRs或者药物必需从市场撤出的频率和时间。设计和地点：于《医生案头手册》检查1975～1999年美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)批准的所有的新的化合物及1975～2000年撤出市场的所有药品(无论先前有无黑框警告)。主要观察指标：黑框警告或药品撤出的发生频率和时间。结果：1975～1999年总共批准通过．548种新的化合物；其中56种(10．2％)被提出黑框警告或撤出市场。45种(8．2％)被提出1种或多种黑框警告，16种(2．9％)撤出市场。在Kaplan—Meier分析中，估计25年内提出黑框警告或撤出市场的药物所占比例为20％。在《医生案头手册》中之药品说明书共有81处重要变化，其中包括对一种药物提出1个或多个黑框警告，或撤出市场。在：Kaplan-Meier分析中，这些变化有半数发生在药物使用后7年内；半数药物撤出发生在2年内。结论：严重ADRs通常发生在FDA批准上市之后。新药的安全性只有在上市使用多年以后才能确定。
文摘美国心脏病学会／美国心脏协会（ACC／AHA）医疗指南工作组尽力避免因编写委员会成员与企业的关系或个人利益而导致的任何实际的、可能的，或者是已发现的利益冲突。编写委员会的所有成员以及本文件的同行评议人必须对可能被视为是实际上或是潜在的利益冲突进行声明。工作组对以上声明进行审查。在每次会议上，这些声明必须口头汇报给编写委员会的每位成员；当发生变动时，编写委员会对声明进行更新并再次核查。编写委员会成员和企业的关系见附表1，同行评议人与企业的关系见附表2。本指南旨在确定在大多数情形下满足大部分患者需求的方案。指南反映了对当前可获得的科学文献进行系统分析后专家们达成的共识，其目的在于提高医疗质量。如果将指南用于管理／投资决策，其终极目标应是医疗质量得到提高并服务于患者。关于具体患者的医疗问题，必须由医疗人员和患者根据具体情况共同做出最终决定。Sidney C Smith，Jr．，MD，FACC，FAHA ACC／AHA医疗指南工作组主席Elliot M．Antman，MD，FACC，FAHA
文摘心血管病（cardiovascular disease，CVD）是美国以及全世界大多数国家妇女死亡的主要原因。当代预防CVD的措施包括改变成人生活方式以及对CVD的危险因素（高血压、高胆固醇血症或糖尿病）采取药物治疗。在JAMA杂志中，Howard等在妇女健康启动（Women＇s Health Initiatine，WHI）研究的基础上，及时报告、提供了妇女CVD预防的重要结果。
文摘Zinc and copper intakes and serum concentrations were determined at the 32th and 36th week of pregnancy in 96 healthy Thai women attending a prenatal clinic. Dietary data from 3-day food records revealed that the mean dietary zinc and copper intakes in Thai pregnant women were 6. 9 and 1. 7mg/d (equivalent to 34 and 69% of Thai RDA), respectively. Fifty-five percent of zinc intake was from animal origin, whereas 59% of copper intake was from plant origin.The infants of the 64 women who were in the study until delivery, were all normal.Most (>96%) of the maternal serum zinc and copper concentrations were within normal ranges. Only one woman at 32th week had low serum zinc level (<6. 4μmol/L). There were no significant correlations between the maternal serum zinc or copper levels and pregnancy outcome (birth weight and birth length). In this study, although the zinc and copper intake in most Thai pregnant women (99 and 58%, respectively) were less than two-thirds of the Thai RDAs, they were not at risk of suffering from zinc and copper deficiencies as determined by serum zine and copper concentrations, abnormal parturition and abnormal pregnancy outcome.
文摘最近发表了两篇针对广泛应用的蛋白酶抑制剂：抑肽酶（拜耳制药，West Haven，CT）的报告，引发了热烈争论，监管部门也对其安全性进行了回顾。这两篇回顾性的临床观察认为抑肽酶并没有减少手术出血，也没有其他益处，反而使心脏手术后一些不良事件明显增加。然而，一些早期研究已证明抑肽酶在减少失血和输血量方面的有效性，同时显示其安全性在可接受范围，不影响肾功能，不增加血栓事件的风险，甚至能够降低卒中的发生率。在著名杂志上发表的这两项非随机、观察性临床研究与众多严谨的随机试验之间出现了矛盾，需要进行详细的统计学分析。鉴于这些争论，我们总结了已发表的大量肯定抑肽酶有效性和安全性的文献，剖析了新近两篇研究报告的潜在薄弱之处，指出了今后的研究方向，并且简要介绍了正在进行中的高危心脏手术中应用抗纤溶药物以减少失血的随机试验研究（Blood conservation using Antifibrinolytics：Randomized Trial in high-risk cardiac surgery，BART），该研究是比较3种抗纤溶药物规模最大的随机试验。
