This paper is concerned with the exponential H_∞ filtering problem for a class of discrete-time switched neural networks with random time-varying delays based on the sojourn-probability-dependent method. Using the av...This paper is concerned with the exponential H_∞ filtering problem for a class of discrete-time switched neural networks with random time-varying delays based on the sojourn-probability-dependent method. Using the average dwell time approach together with the piecewise Lyapunov function technique, sufficient conditions are proposed to guarantee the exponential stability for the switched neural networks with random time-varying delays which are characterized by introducing a Bernoulli stochastic variable.Based on the derived H_∞ performance analysis results, the H_∞ filter design is formulated in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities(LMIs). Finally, two numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design procedure.展开更多
The discovery of efficient,selective,and stable electrocatalysts can be a key point to produce the largescale chemical fuels via electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR).In this study,an earth-abundant and nontoxic ZnO-b...The discovery of efficient,selective,and stable electrocatalysts can be a key point to produce the largescale chemical fuels via electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR).In this study,an earth-abundant and nontoxic ZnO-based electrocatalyst was developed for use in gas-diffusion electrodes(GDE),and the effect of nitrogen(N)doping on the ECR activity of ZnO electrocatalysts was investigated.Initially,a ZnO nanosheet was prepared via the hydrothermal method,and nitridation was performed at different times to control the N-doping content.With an increase in the N-doping content,the morphological properties of the nanosheet changed significantly,namely,the 2D nanosheets transformed into irregularly shaped nanoparticles.Furthermore,the ECR performance of Zn O electrocatalysts with different N-doping content was assessed in 1.0 M KHCO_(3) electrolyte using a gas-diffusion electrode-based ECR cell.While the ECR activity increased after a small amount of N doping,it decreased for higher N doping content.Among them,the N:ZnO-1 h electrocatalysts showed the best CO selectivity,with a faradaic efficiency(FE_(CO))of 92.7%at-0.73 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),which was greater than that of an undoped Zn O electrocatalyst(FE_(CO)of 63.4%at-0.78 V_(RHE)).Also,the N:ZnO-1 h electrocatalyst exhibited outstanding durability for 16 h,with a partial current density of-92.1 mA cm^(-2).This improvement of N:ZnO-1 h electrocatalyst can be explained by density functional theory calculations,demonstrating that this improvement of N:ZnO-1 h electrocatalyst comes from(ⅰ)the optimized active sites lowering the free energy barrier for the rate-determining step(RDS),and(ⅱ)the modification of electronic structure enhancing the electron transfer rate by N doping.展开更多
The current large-scale Internet of Things(IoT)networks typically generate high-velocity network traffic streams.Attackers use IoT devices to create botnets and launch attacks,such as DDoS,Spamming,Cryptocurrency mini...The current large-scale Internet of Things(IoT)networks typically generate high-velocity network traffic streams.Attackers use IoT devices to create botnets and launch attacks,such as DDoS,Spamming,Cryptocurrency mining,Phishing,etc.The service providers of large-scale IoT networks need to set up a data pipeline to collect the vast network traffic data from the IoT devices,store it,analyze it,and report the malicious IoT devices and types of attacks.Further,the attacks originating from IoT devices are dynamic,as attackers launch one kind of attack at one time and another kind of attack at another time.The number of attacks and benign instances also vary from time to time.This phenomenon of change in attack patterns is called concept drift.Hence,the attack detection system must learn continuously from the ever-changing real-time attack patterns in large-scale IoT network traffic.To meet this requirement,in this work,we propose a data pipeline with Apache Kafka,Apache Spark structured streaming,and MongoDB that can adapt to the ever-changing attack patterns in real time and classify attacks in large-scale IoT networks.When concept drift is detected,the proposed system retrains the classifier with the instances that cause the drift and a representative subsample instances from the previous training of the model.The proposed approach is evaluated with the latest dataset,IoT23,which consists of benign and several attack instances from various IoT devices.Attack classification accuracy is improved from 97.8%to 99.46%by the proposed system.The training time of distributed random forest algorithm is also studied by varying the number of cores in Apache Spark environment.展开更多
The present investigation was aimed to understand the physiological and biochemical basis of water-deficit stress tolerance in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] hybrid ICMH 356 and its parents ICMR 356 (♂...The present investigation was aimed to understand the physiological and biochemical basis of water-deficit stress tolerance in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] hybrid ICMH 356 and its parents ICMR 356 (♂) and ICMB 88004 (♀) in response to and recovery from drought stress and also to comprehend crop adaptation under dryland conditions. A field experiment was conducted in a split plot design with moisture levels as the main plot and genotypes as the sub plots. A comparative analysis of hybrid and parents under well-watered and water-deficit stress conditions revealed that the hybrid was superior over the parents in terms of leaf water relations, excised leaf water retention capacity, accumulation of compatible solutes, photosynthesis, membrane stability index and antioxidative enzyme viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activities. ANOVA for these parameters was also found to be significant for genotypes, treatments and their interactions at 0.01% level. Maintenance of superiority in terms of these physiological and biochemical parameters coupled with better recovery ability upon stress relief are crucial physiological mechanisms contributing to water deficit stress tolerance in pearl millet. Simple correlation coefficient analysis revealed significant positive association of yield at 0.01% level with relative water content, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, proline, total soluble sugars, free amino acids, membrane stability index, leaf area index and total biomass, while a significant negative association with solute potential and malondialdehyde content, under water-deficit stress clearly indicated that such relationships can be positively attributed to drought tolerance.展开更多
In the present investigation,a new composite nanostructured photoanodes were prepared using TiO_2 nanotubes（TNTs） with TiO_2 nanoparticles（TNPs）.TNPs were synthesized by sol-gel method,and TNTs were prepared throu...In the present investigation,a new composite nanostructured photoanodes were prepared using TiO_2 nanotubes（TNTs） with TiO_2 nanoparticles（TNPs）.TNPs were synthesized by sol-gel method,and TNTs were prepared through alkali hydrothermal method.Dye-sensitized solar cells（DSSCs） were fabricated with different photoanodes comprising of various ratios of TNTs ＋ TNPs,synthetic indigo dye as photosensitizer,PMII（l-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide） as ionic liquid electrolyte and cobalt sulfide as counter electrode.The structures and morphologies of TNPs and TNTs were analyzed through X-ray diffractometer,transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscopes.The results of the investigation showed that the DSSC-4 made with composite photoanode structure（TNTs/TNPs）（90% of TNPs ＋ 10% of TNTs） had improved photocurrent efficiency（2.11%） than pure TNPs（1.00%） and TNT film（0.78%）.Electrochemical impedance spectra revealed that the composite TNTs/TNPs film-based DSSCs possessed the lowest charge-transfer resistances and longest electron lifetime.Hence,it could be concluded that the composite TNTs/TNPs photoanode facilitates the charge transport rate and enhances the efficiencies of DSSCs.展开更多
Circulating tumor clusters(CTC)disseminating from the primary tumor are responsible for secondary tumor formation where the conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy does not prevent the metastasis...Circulating tumor clusters(CTC)disseminating from the primary tumor are responsible for secondary tumor formation where the conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy does not prevent the metastasis at locally advanced stage of breast cancer.In this study,a smart nanotheranostic system has been developed to track and eliminate the CTCs before it can colonize at a new site,which would reduce metastatic progression and increase the five-year survival rate of the breast cancer patients.Targeted multiresponsive(magnetic hyperthermia and pH)nanomicelles incorporated with NIR fluorescent superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were developed based on self-assembly for dual modal imaging and dual toxicity for spontaneous killing of CTCs in blood stream.A heterogenous tumor clusters model was developed to mimic the CTCs isolated from breast cancer patients.The nanotheranostic system was further evaluated for the targeting property,drug release kinetics,hyperthermia and cytotoxicity against developed CTC model in vitro.In vivo model in BALB/c mice equivalent to stageⅢandⅣhuman metastatic breast cancer was developed to evaluate the biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy of micellar nanotheranostic system.Reduced CTCs in blood stream and low distant organ metastasis after treatment with the nanotheranostic system demonstrates its potential to capture and kill the CTCs that minimize the secondary tumor formation at distant sites.展开更多
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks(MANET)usage across the globe is increas-ing by the day.Evaluating a node’s trust value has significant advantages since such network applications only run efficiently by involving trustable nodes...Mobile Ad-hoc Networks(MANET)usage across the globe is increas-ing by the day.Evaluating a node’s trust value has significant advantages since such network applications only run efficiently by involving trustable nodes.The trust values are estimated based on the reputation values of each node in the network by using different mechanisms.However,these mechanisms have various challenging issues which degrade the network performance.Hence,a novel Quality of Service(QoS)Trust Estimation with Black/Gray hole Attack Detection approach is proposed in this research work.Initially,the QoS-based trust estimation is proposed by using a Fuzzy logic scheme.The trust value of each node is estimated by using each node’s reputation values which are deter-mined based on the fuzzy membership function values and utilizing QoS para-meters such as residual energy,bandwidth,node mobility,and reliability.This mechanism prevents only the black hole attack in the network during transmis-sion.But,the gray hole attacks are not identified which in turn increases the pack-et drop rate significantly.Hence,the gray hole attack is also detected based on the Kullback-Leibler(KL)divergence method used for estimating the statistical mea-sures.Additional QoS metrics are considered to prevent the gray hole attack,such as packet loss,packet delivery ratio,and delay for each node.Thus,the proposed mechanism prevents both black hole and gray hole attacks simultaneously.Final-ly,the simulation results show that the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism compared with the other trust-aware routing protocols in MANET.展开更多
Reliable and accessible cloud applications are essential for the future of ubiquitous computing,smart appliances,and electronic health.Owing to the vastness and diversity of the cloud,a most cloud services,both physic...Reliable and accessible cloud applications are essential for the future of ubiquitous computing,smart appliances,and electronic health.Owing to the vastness and diversity of the cloud,a most cloud services,both physical and logical services have failed.Using currently accessible traces,we assessed and characterized the behaviors of successful and unsuccessful activities.We devised and implemented a method to forecast which jobs will fail.The proposed method optimizes cloud applications more efficiently in terms of resource usage.Using Google Cluster,Mustang,and Trinity traces,which are publicly available,an in-depth evaluation of the proposed model was conducted.The traces were also fed into several different machine learning models to select the most reliable model.Our efficiency analysis proves that the model performs well in terms of accuracy,F1-score,and recall.Several factors,such as failure of forecasting work,design of scheduling algorithms,modification of priority criteria,and restriction of task resubmission,may increase cloud service dependability and availability.展开更多
In today’s digital era, developing digital circuits is bounded by the research towards investigating various nano devices. This paper provides the design of compact Baugh-Wooley multiplier using reversible logic. Eve...In today’s digital era, developing digital circuits is bounded by the research towards investigating various nano devices. This paper provides the design of compact Baugh-Wooley multiplier using reversible logic. Even though various researches have been done for designing reversible multiplier, this work is the first in the literature to use Baugh-Wooley algorithm using reversible logic. In this work, a new 5 × 5 reversible multiplier cell is proposed which will be useful in designing Baugh-Wooley multiplier. The proposed single multiplier cell is able to perform addition of a 1 × 1 product with the sum and carry from the previous cell. This reversible multiplier cell is useful in building up regularity in the array multipliers. The Toffoli gate synthesis of the proposed reversible multiplier cell is also given.展开更多
Neuro-imaging techniques are used to extract and assess brain enactments. As brain activations are free to advance in an eccentric way, data driven methods are exploited for functional localization. Three motor imbala...Neuro-imaging techniques are used to extract and assess brain enactments. As brain activations are free to advance in an eccentric way, data driven methods are exploited for functional localization. Three motor imbalance subjects whose scan size were 128 × 128 × 23 and an aggregate of 110 volumes joined by three scans for nine acquisitions, who are on a normal age of 65 years and a set of 10 subject’s simulated data was subjected to examination. To fully exploit the potential, advanced signal processing methods are applied on acquired resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) and SimTB simulated rsfMRI. An algorithm called Independent Component Analysis-Particle Swam Optimization two-class classifier for decision support is implemented. The algorithm pre-process each simulated and real time rsfMRI scans, extract independent components(IC) from smoothed output, select eigen vector for optimized minimum misclassification from both time series data and perform 2-class classification using k-means clustering. The proposed algorithm aided the classification of about 87.5% of the functional localization of shaky hand subjects of acquired rsfMRI data. The number of highly activated voxels in the sensory motor network is more in shaky hand subjects.展开更多
A theoretical model for the non steady-state response of a pH-based potentiometric biosensor immobilizing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) is discussed. The model is based on a system of five coupled nonlinear reactio...A theoretical model for the non steady-state response of a pH-based potentiometric biosensor immobilizing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) is discussed. The model is based on a system of five coupled nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations under non steady-state conditions for enzyme reactions occurring in potentiometric biosensor that describes the concentration of substrate and hydrolysis products within the membrane. New approximate analytical expressions for the concentration of the substrate (organophosphorus pesticides (OPs)) and products are derived for all values of Thiele modulus and buffer concentration using new approach of homotopy perturbation method. The analytical results are also compared with numerical ones and a good agreement is obtained. The obtained results are valid for the whole solution domain.展开更多
This paper focuses on a Z source cascaded multilevel inverter which is designed to minimize harmonics in the output voltage. A balanced dc-link peak voltage can be achieved. The power generation module is built by PV ...This paper focuses on a Z source cascaded multilevel inverter which is designed to minimize harmonics in the output voltage. A balanced dc-link peak voltage can be achieved. The power generation module is built by PV panels which are connected to Z-Source Cascade H-bridge inverter. Cascaded multilevel inverter can achieve the distributed maximum power point tracking to increase the system efficiency and achieve high voltage/high power grid tie without a transformer. This paper analyzes the different PWM switching scheme and the operating states of a ZSI module and comparison is made with different PWM and total harmonic distortion of various PWM schemes.展开更多
This paper deals with the removal of noise and base wander in the transfer of ECG data from the patients to the doctor. The process of the project is receiving ECG signals from the patient and reading the data in PC u...This paper deals with the removal of noise and base wander in the transfer of ECG data from the patients to the doctor. The process of the project is receiving ECG signals from the patient and reading the data in PC using an Arduino (an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software) board, and then the signal is subjected to the removal of noise and base wander by amplification circuits in LabView (a system design software) software. Thus obtained ECG signal is sent to the doctors using an Ethernet cable or LAN connection. This enables the doctors to monitor any number of patients more accurately by sitting in a single room.展开更多
Polymeric amines are being studied intensively as components of systems for gene delivery in genetic engineering and gene therapy of genetic disorders, including cancer. Despite remarkable achievements in the field, p...Polymeric amines are being studied intensively as components of systems for gene delivery in genetic engineering and gene therapy of genetic disorders, including cancer. Despite remarkable achievements in the field, polymeric amines, such as polyethyleneimine, show some disadvantages. Strong interaction between the amine-containing polymer and nucleic acid hampers the release of nucleic acid in the cell cytoplasm. Amine groups can interact with the cell membrane which results in cell death. These limitations of polymeric amines stimulated an investigation of new structures for gene delivery. Imidazole-containing polymers have attracted attention as lesser basic substances, while they are able to interact with polymeric acids. Further development of imidazole-based gene delivery agents requires knowledge about some fundamental aspects of interaction between nucleic acids, and polymeric imidazoles. In this work, we studied the complexation of poly(1-vinylimidazole) and oligomeric DNA. We found that the number of active sites capable of binding with negatively charged phosphate groups is comparable with the number of protonated imidazole units in the case of high molecular weight polymer. The increase in polymer charge by 1-bromopropane quaternizating 1%?5% imidazole units or by decreasing the pH to 6.5?7 considerably increased the ability of poly(1-vinylimidazole) to interact with oligonucleotides. The pH sensitivity of this interaction is interesting for cancer gene therapy because the tumours have a lowered intercellular pH (stable oligonucleotide complex) and a higher extracellular pH which can lead to complex dissociation. Minimal critical length for complexation of quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole) and DNA is below eight units which corresponds to polymers with amine groups. Fluorescence-tagged poly(1-vinylimidazole) samples were obtained and their potential for monitoring the polymer and polymer-oligonucleotide complex internalization into living cells was demonstrated.展开更多
Despite the seemingly exponential growth of mobile and wireless communication,this same technology aims to offer uninterrupted access to different wireless systems like Radio Communication,Bluetooth,and Wi-Fi to achie...Despite the seemingly exponential growth of mobile and wireless communication,this same technology aims to offer uninterrupted access to different wireless systems like Radio Communication,Bluetooth,and Wi-Fi to achieve better network connection which in turn gives the best quality of service(QoS).Many analysts have established many handover decision systems(HDS)to enable assured continuous mobility between various radio access technologies.Unbrokenmobility is one of themost significant problems considered in wireless communication networks.Each application needs a distinct QoS,so the network choice may shift appropriately.To achieve this objective and to choose the finest networks,it is important to select a best decision making algorithm that chooses the most effective network for every application that the user requires,dependent on QoS measures.Therefore,the main goal of the proposed system is to provide an enhanced vertical handover(VHO)decision making programby using aMulti-CriteriaFuzzy-Based algorithm to choose the best network.Enhanced Multi-Criteria algorithms and a Fuzzy-Based algorithm is implemented successfully for optimal network selection and also to minimize the probability of false handover.Furthermore,a double packet buffer is utilized to decrease the packet loss by 1.5%and to reduce the number of handovers up to 50%compared to the existing systems.In addition,the network setup has an optimized mobilitymanagement system to supervise the movement of the mobile nodes.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is regarded as the most promising method to generate“green hydrogen”,and zinc oxide(ZnO)has been identified as one of the promising candidates for PEC water splitting owing t...Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is regarded as the most promising method to generate“green hydrogen”,and zinc oxide(ZnO)has been identified as one of the promising candidates for PEC water splitting owing to its straddling band alignment with the water redox level.However,its PEC performance is limited due to its wide bandgap and anticipated by photocorrosion in an aqueous medium.In this work,we present strategic improvements in the PEC water splitting performance of ZnO nanowires(NWs)by nitrogen(N)-doping along with photostability by the core–shell deposition of a NiOOH cocatalyst.Highly crystalline hierarchical ZnO NWs were fabricated on Si NWs(ZnO-Si HNWs)using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition approach.The NWs were then N-doped by annealing in an NH_(3) atmosphere.The N-doped ZnO-Si HNWs(N:ZnO-Si HNWs)showed enhanced visible light absorption,and suppressed recombination of the photogenerated carriers.As compared to ZnO-Si HNWs(0.045 m A cm^(-2) at 1.23 V vs RHE),the N:ZnO-Si HNWs(0.34 m A cm^(-2) at 1.23 V vs RHE)annealed in NH^(3) ambient for 3 h at 600℃showed 7.5-fold enhancement in the photocurrent density.NiOOH-deposited N:ZnO-Si HNW photoanodes with a photostability of 82.21%over 20000 s showed 10.69-fold higher photocurrent density(0.48 m A cm^(-2) at 1.23 V vs RHE)than ZnO-Si HNWs.展开更多
India imposed the largest lockdown in the world in response tofight the spread of the Novel Coronavirus disease(COVID-19)from 19 March till 31 May 2020.The onset of the pandemic left the general public feeling psycho-s...India imposed the largest lockdown in the world in response tofight the spread of the Novel Coronavirus disease(COVID-19)from 19 March till 31 May 2020.The onset of the pandemic left the general public feeling psycho-socially distressed,helpless,and anxious.The researcher developed a Messenger supported Chatbot,based on the broaden and build model,to cater to the healthy general public to promote positivity and mental well-being.31 participants between 22 and 45 years old consensually took a pre-test,Chatbot intervention,and post-test.The Chatbot provided guided activities out of which positive affirmations,meditation,and exercises were mostly used.The qualitative data from the study shows that the majority of the participants strongly feel positivity is within themselves and that the tool provided a self-help approach to be me well,mentally during the lockdown.The intervention helped significantly reducing symptoms of psychosocial distress in six of the individual’s post-chatbot interventions.Participants’impressions of the tool suggest more preponderant opportunities for future research in technology-driven mental health support.展开更多
The coconut palm tree leaf sheath fibers were analyzed by FTIR spectral analysis, Chemical, X-ray and thermo gravimetric methods to assess their suitability as reinforcements in the preparation of green composites. Th...The coconut palm tree leaf sheath fibers were analyzed by FTIR spectral analysis, Chemical, X-ray and thermo gravimetric methods to assess their suitability as reinforcements in the preparation of green composites. The morphology of the untreated and alkali treated fibers was studied by scanning electron microscopic method. The FTIR and chemical analyses indicated lowering of hemi-cellulose content by alkali treatment of the fibers. The X-ray diffraction revealed an increase in crystallinity of the fibers on alkali treatment. The thermal stability of the fibers was found to increase slightly by alkali treatment. The tensile properties of these fibers increased on alkali treatment. The mechanical and other physical properties indicated that these fibers were suitable as reinforcements for making the green composites.展开更多
The objective of the recently proposed fuzzy based hierarchical routing protocol F-SCH is to improve the lifetime of a Wireless Sensor Network. Though the performance of F-SCH is better than LEACH, the randomness in C...The objective of the recently proposed fuzzy based hierarchical routing protocol F-SCH is to improve the lifetime of a Wireless Sensor Network. Though the performance of F-SCH is better than LEACH, the randomness in CH selection inhibits it from attaining enhanced lifetime. CBCH ensures maximum network lifetime when CH is close to the centroid of the cluster. However, for a widely distributed network, CBCH results in small sized clusters increasing the inter cluster communication cost. Hence, with an objective to enhance the network lifetime, a fuzzy based two-level hierarchical routing protocol is proposed. The novelty of the proposal lies in identification of appropriate parameters used in Cluster Head and Super Cluster Head selection. Experiments for different network scenarios are performed through both simulation and hardware to validate the proposal. The performance of the network is evaluated in terms of Node Death. The proposal is compared with F-SCH and the results reveal the efficacy of the proposal in enhancing the lifetime of network.展开更多
The Healthcare monitoring on a clinical base involves many implicit communication between the patient and the care takers. Any misinterpretation leads to adverse effects. A simple wearable system can precisely interpr...The Healthcare monitoring on a clinical base involves many implicit communication between the patient and the care takers. Any misinterpretation leads to adverse effects. A simple wearable system can precisely interpret the implicit communication to the care takers or to an automated support device. Simple and obvious hand movements can be used for the above purpose. The proposed system suggests a novel methodology simpler than the existing sign language interpretations for such implicit communication. The experimental results show a well-distinguished realization of different hand movement activities using a wearable sensor medium and the interpretation results always show significant thresholds.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61573096 and 61272530)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BK2012741)the 333 Engineering Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(Grant No.BRA2015286)
文摘This paper is concerned with the exponential H_∞ filtering problem for a class of discrete-time switched neural networks with random time-varying delays based on the sojourn-probability-dependent method. Using the average dwell time approach together with the piecewise Lyapunov function technique, sufficient conditions are proposed to guarantee the exponential stability for the switched neural networks with random time-varying delays which are characterized by introducing a Bernoulli stochastic variable.Based on the derived H_∞ performance analysis results, the H_∞ filter design is formulated in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities(LMIs). Finally, two numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design procedure.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (Grant Nos.2018R1A6A1A03024334,2019R1A2C1007637,2021M3I3A1082880,2021R1I1A1A01044174)the Basic Science Research Capacity Enhancement Project through Korea Basic Science Institute (Grant No.2019R1A6C1010024)。
文摘The discovery of efficient,selective,and stable electrocatalysts can be a key point to produce the largescale chemical fuels via electrochemical CO_(2) reduction(ECR).In this study,an earth-abundant and nontoxic ZnO-based electrocatalyst was developed for use in gas-diffusion electrodes(GDE),and the effect of nitrogen(N)doping on the ECR activity of ZnO electrocatalysts was investigated.Initially,a ZnO nanosheet was prepared via the hydrothermal method,and nitridation was performed at different times to control the N-doping content.With an increase in the N-doping content,the morphological properties of the nanosheet changed significantly,namely,the 2D nanosheets transformed into irregularly shaped nanoparticles.Furthermore,the ECR performance of Zn O electrocatalysts with different N-doping content was assessed in 1.0 M KHCO_(3) electrolyte using a gas-diffusion electrode-based ECR cell.While the ECR activity increased after a small amount of N doping,it decreased for higher N doping content.Among them,the N:ZnO-1 h electrocatalysts showed the best CO selectivity,with a faradaic efficiency(FE_(CO))of 92.7%at-0.73 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),which was greater than that of an undoped Zn O electrocatalyst(FE_(CO)of 63.4%at-0.78 V_(RHE)).Also,the N:ZnO-1 h electrocatalyst exhibited outstanding durability for 16 h,with a partial current density of-92.1 mA cm^(-2).This improvement of N:ZnO-1 h electrocatalyst can be explained by density functional theory calculations,demonstrating that this improvement of N:ZnO-1 h electrocatalyst comes from(ⅰ)the optimized active sites lowering the free energy barrier for the rate-determining step(RDS),and(ⅱ)the modification of electronic structure enhancing the electron transfer rate by N doping.
文摘The current large-scale Internet of Things(IoT)networks typically generate high-velocity network traffic streams.Attackers use IoT devices to create botnets and launch attacks,such as DDoS,Spamming,Cryptocurrency mining,Phishing,etc.The service providers of large-scale IoT networks need to set up a data pipeline to collect the vast network traffic data from the IoT devices,store it,analyze it,and report the malicious IoT devices and types of attacks.Further,the attacks originating from IoT devices are dynamic,as attackers launch one kind of attack at one time and another kind of attack at another time.The number of attacks and benign instances also vary from time to time.This phenomenon of change in attack patterns is called concept drift.Hence,the attack detection system must learn continuously from the ever-changing real-time attack patterns in large-scale IoT network traffic.To meet this requirement,in this work,we propose a data pipeline with Apache Kafka,Apache Spark structured streaming,and MongoDB that can adapt to the ever-changing attack patterns in real time and classify attacks in large-scale IoT networks.When concept drift is detected,the proposed system retrains the classifier with the instances that cause the drift and a representative subsample instances from the previous training of the model.The proposed approach is evaluated with the latest dataset,IoT23,which consists of benign and several attack instances from various IoT devices.Attack classification accuracy is improved from 97.8%to 99.46%by the proposed system.The training time of distributed random forest algorithm is also studied by varying the number of cores in Apache Spark environment.
文摘The present investigation was aimed to understand the physiological and biochemical basis of water-deficit stress tolerance in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] hybrid ICMH 356 and its parents ICMR 356 (♂) and ICMB 88004 (♀) in response to and recovery from drought stress and also to comprehend crop adaptation under dryland conditions. A field experiment was conducted in a split plot design with moisture levels as the main plot and genotypes as the sub plots. A comparative analysis of hybrid and parents under well-watered and water-deficit stress conditions revealed that the hybrid was superior over the parents in terms of leaf water relations, excised leaf water retention capacity, accumulation of compatible solutes, photosynthesis, membrane stability index and antioxidative enzyme viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activities. ANOVA for these parameters was also found to be significant for genotypes, treatments and their interactions at 0.01% level. Maintenance of superiority in terms of these physiological and biochemical parameters coupled with better recovery ability upon stress relief are crucial physiological mechanisms contributing to water deficit stress tolerance in pearl millet. Simple correlation coefficient analysis revealed significant positive association of yield at 0.01% level with relative water content, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, proline, total soluble sugars, free amino acids, membrane stability index, leaf area index and total biomass, while a significant negative association with solute potential and malondialdehyde content, under water-deficit stress clearly indicated that such relationships can be positively attributed to drought tolerance.
文摘In the present investigation,a new composite nanostructured photoanodes were prepared using TiO_2 nanotubes（TNTs） with TiO_2 nanoparticles（TNPs）.TNPs were synthesized by sol-gel method,and TNTs were prepared through alkali hydrothermal method.Dye-sensitized solar cells（DSSCs） were fabricated with different photoanodes comprising of various ratios of TNTs ＋ TNPs,synthetic indigo dye as photosensitizer,PMII（l-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide） as ionic liquid electrolyte and cobalt sulfide as counter electrode.The structures and morphologies of TNPs and TNTs were analyzed through X-ray diffractometer,transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscopes.The results of the investigation showed that the DSSC-4 made with composite photoanode structure（TNTs/TNPs）（90% of TNPs ＋ 10% of TNTs） had improved photocurrent efficiency（2.11%） than pure TNPs（1.00%） and TNT film（0.78%）.Electrochemical impedance spectra revealed that the composite TNTs/TNPs film-based DSSCs possessed the lowest charge-transfer resistances and longest electron lifetime.Hence,it could be concluded that the composite TNTs/TNPs photoanode facilitates the charge transport rate and enhances the efficiencies of DSSCs.
基金Nano Mission(SR/NM/NS-1205/2015(G))PG-Teaching(SR/NM/PG-04/2015)+2 种基金FIST(SR/FST/LSI-622/2014)Department of Science and Technology,Government of India for financial supportCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research for senior research fellowship(09/1095(0022)/18-EMR-I),Government of India。
文摘Circulating tumor clusters(CTC)disseminating from the primary tumor are responsible for secondary tumor formation where the conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy does not prevent the metastasis at locally advanced stage of breast cancer.In this study,a smart nanotheranostic system has been developed to track and eliminate the CTCs before it can colonize at a new site,which would reduce metastatic progression and increase the five-year survival rate of the breast cancer patients.Targeted multiresponsive(magnetic hyperthermia and pH)nanomicelles incorporated with NIR fluorescent superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were developed based on self-assembly for dual modal imaging and dual toxicity for spontaneous killing of CTCs in blood stream.A heterogenous tumor clusters model was developed to mimic the CTCs isolated from breast cancer patients.The nanotheranostic system was further evaluated for the targeting property,drug release kinetics,hyperthermia and cytotoxicity against developed CTC model in vitro.In vivo model in BALB/c mice equivalent to stageⅢandⅣhuman metastatic breast cancer was developed to evaluate the biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy of micellar nanotheranostic system.Reduced CTCs in blood stream and low distant organ metastasis after treatment with the nanotheranostic system demonstrates its potential to capture and kill the CTCs that minimize the secondary tumor formation at distant sites.
文摘Mobile Ad-hoc Networks(MANET)usage across the globe is increas-ing by the day.Evaluating a node’s trust value has significant advantages since such network applications only run efficiently by involving trustable nodes.The trust values are estimated based on the reputation values of each node in the network by using different mechanisms.However,these mechanisms have various challenging issues which degrade the network performance.Hence,a novel Quality of Service(QoS)Trust Estimation with Black/Gray hole Attack Detection approach is proposed in this research work.Initially,the QoS-based trust estimation is proposed by using a Fuzzy logic scheme.The trust value of each node is estimated by using each node’s reputation values which are deter-mined based on the fuzzy membership function values and utilizing QoS para-meters such as residual energy,bandwidth,node mobility,and reliability.This mechanism prevents only the black hole attack in the network during transmis-sion.But,the gray hole attacks are not identified which in turn increases the pack-et drop rate significantly.Hence,the gray hole attack is also detected based on the Kullback-Leibler(KL)divergence method used for estimating the statistical mea-sures.Additional QoS metrics are considered to prevent the gray hole attack,such as packet loss,packet delivery ratio,and delay for each node.Thus,the proposed mechanism prevents both black hole and gray hole attacks simultaneously.Final-ly,the simulation results show that the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism compared with the other trust-aware routing protocols in MANET.
文摘Reliable and accessible cloud applications are essential for the future of ubiquitous computing,smart appliances,and electronic health.Owing to the vastness and diversity of the cloud,a most cloud services,both physical and logical services have failed.Using currently accessible traces,we assessed and characterized the behaviors of successful and unsuccessful activities.We devised and implemented a method to forecast which jobs will fail.The proposed method optimizes cloud applications more efficiently in terms of resource usage.Using Google Cluster,Mustang,and Trinity traces,which are publicly available,an in-depth evaluation of the proposed model was conducted.The traces were also fed into several different machine learning models to select the most reliable model.Our efficiency analysis proves that the model performs well in terms of accuracy,F1-score,and recall.Several factors,such as failure of forecasting work,design of scheduling algorithms,modification of priority criteria,and restriction of task resubmission,may increase cloud service dependability and availability.
文摘In today’s digital era, developing digital circuits is bounded by the research towards investigating various nano devices. This paper provides the design of compact Baugh-Wooley multiplier using reversible logic. Even though various researches have been done for designing reversible multiplier, this work is the first in the literature to use Baugh-Wooley algorithm using reversible logic. In this work, a new 5 × 5 reversible multiplier cell is proposed which will be useful in designing Baugh-Wooley multiplier. The proposed single multiplier cell is able to perform addition of a 1 × 1 product with the sum and carry from the previous cell. This reversible multiplier cell is useful in building up regularity in the array multipliers. The Toffoli gate synthesis of the proposed reversible multiplier cell is also given.
文摘Neuro-imaging techniques are used to extract and assess brain enactments. As brain activations are free to advance in an eccentric way, data driven methods are exploited for functional localization. Three motor imbalance subjects whose scan size were 128 × 128 × 23 and an aggregate of 110 volumes joined by three scans for nine acquisitions, who are on a normal age of 65 years and a set of 10 subject’s simulated data was subjected to examination. To fully exploit the potential, advanced signal processing methods are applied on acquired resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) and SimTB simulated rsfMRI. An algorithm called Independent Component Analysis-Particle Swam Optimization two-class classifier for decision support is implemented. The algorithm pre-process each simulated and real time rsfMRI scans, extract independent components(IC) from smoothed output, select eigen vector for optimized minimum misclassification from both time series data and perform 2-class classification using k-means clustering. The proposed algorithm aided the classification of about 87.5% of the functional localization of shaky hand subjects of acquired rsfMRI data. The number of highly activated voxels in the sensory motor network is more in shaky hand subjects.
文摘A theoretical model for the non steady-state response of a pH-based potentiometric biosensor immobilizing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) is discussed. The model is based on a system of five coupled nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations under non steady-state conditions for enzyme reactions occurring in potentiometric biosensor that describes the concentration of substrate and hydrolysis products within the membrane. New approximate analytical expressions for the concentration of the substrate (organophosphorus pesticides (OPs)) and products are derived for all values of Thiele modulus and buffer concentration using new approach of homotopy perturbation method. The analytical results are also compared with numerical ones and a good agreement is obtained. The obtained results are valid for the whole solution domain.
文摘This paper focuses on a Z source cascaded multilevel inverter which is designed to minimize harmonics in the output voltage. A balanced dc-link peak voltage can be achieved. The power generation module is built by PV panels which are connected to Z-Source Cascade H-bridge inverter. Cascaded multilevel inverter can achieve the distributed maximum power point tracking to increase the system efficiency and achieve high voltage/high power grid tie without a transformer. This paper analyzes the different PWM switching scheme and the operating states of a ZSI module and comparison is made with different PWM and total harmonic distortion of various PWM schemes.
文摘This paper deals with the removal of noise and base wander in the transfer of ECG data from the patients to the doctor. The process of the project is receiving ECG signals from the patient and reading the data in PC using an Arduino (an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software) board, and then the signal is subjected to the removal of noise and base wander by amplification circuits in LabView (a system design software) software. Thus obtained ECG signal is sent to the doctors using an Ethernet cable or LAN connection. This enables the doctors to monitor any number of patients more accurately by sitting in a single room.
基金financial support from a joint grant of the Russian Science Foundation (16-45-02001)the Department of Science Technology of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of India (INT/RUS/RSF/10)
文摘Polymeric amines are being studied intensively as components of systems for gene delivery in genetic engineering and gene therapy of genetic disorders, including cancer. Despite remarkable achievements in the field, polymeric amines, such as polyethyleneimine, show some disadvantages. Strong interaction between the amine-containing polymer and nucleic acid hampers the release of nucleic acid in the cell cytoplasm. Amine groups can interact with the cell membrane which results in cell death. These limitations of polymeric amines stimulated an investigation of new structures for gene delivery. Imidazole-containing polymers have attracted attention as lesser basic substances, while they are able to interact with polymeric acids. Further development of imidazole-based gene delivery agents requires knowledge about some fundamental aspects of interaction between nucleic acids, and polymeric imidazoles. In this work, we studied the complexation of poly(1-vinylimidazole) and oligomeric DNA. We found that the number of active sites capable of binding with negatively charged phosphate groups is comparable with the number of protonated imidazole units in the case of high molecular weight polymer. The increase in polymer charge by 1-bromopropane quaternizating 1%?5% imidazole units or by decreasing the pH to 6.5?7 considerably increased the ability of poly(1-vinylimidazole) to interact with oligonucleotides. The pH sensitivity of this interaction is interesting for cancer gene therapy because the tumours have a lowered intercellular pH (stable oligonucleotide complex) and a higher extracellular pH which can lead to complex dissociation. Minimal critical length for complexation of quaternized poly(1-vinylimidazole) and DNA is below eight units which corresponds to polymers with amine groups. Fluorescence-tagged poly(1-vinylimidazole) samples were obtained and their potential for monitoring the polymer and polymer-oligonucleotide complex internalization into living cells was demonstrated.
基金Taif University Researchers Supporting Project Number(TURSP-2020/36),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Despite the seemingly exponential growth of mobile and wireless communication,this same technology aims to offer uninterrupted access to different wireless systems like Radio Communication,Bluetooth,and Wi-Fi to achieve better network connection which in turn gives the best quality of service(QoS).Many analysts have established many handover decision systems(HDS)to enable assured continuous mobility between various radio access technologies.Unbrokenmobility is one of themost significant problems considered in wireless communication networks.Each application needs a distinct QoS,so the network choice may shift appropriately.To achieve this objective and to choose the finest networks,it is important to select a best decision making algorithm that chooses the most effective network for every application that the user requires,dependent on QoS measures.Therefore,the main goal of the proposed system is to provide an enhanced vertical handover(VHO)decision making programby using aMulti-CriteriaFuzzy-Based algorithm to choose the best network.Enhanced Multi-Criteria algorithms and a Fuzzy-Based algorithm is implemented successfully for optimal network selection and also to minimize the probability of false handover.Furthermore,a double packet buffer is utilized to decrease the packet loss by 1.5%and to reduce the number of handovers up to 50%compared to the existing systems.In addition,the network setup has an optimized mobilitymanagement system to supervise the movement of the mobile nodes.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),funded by the Ministry of Education,Science,and Technology(2018R1A6A1A03024334,NRF-2019R1A2C1006360)supported by Basic Science Research Capacity Enhancement Project through Korea Basic Science Institute(National Research Facilities and Equipment Center)grant funded by the Ministry of Education(2019R1A6C1010024)。
文摘Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is regarded as the most promising method to generate“green hydrogen”,and zinc oxide(ZnO)has been identified as one of the promising candidates for PEC water splitting owing to its straddling band alignment with the water redox level.However,its PEC performance is limited due to its wide bandgap and anticipated by photocorrosion in an aqueous medium.In this work,we present strategic improvements in the PEC water splitting performance of ZnO nanowires(NWs)by nitrogen(N)-doping along with photostability by the core–shell deposition of a NiOOH cocatalyst.Highly crystalline hierarchical ZnO NWs were fabricated on Si NWs(ZnO-Si HNWs)using a metal organic chemical vapor deposition approach.The NWs were then N-doped by annealing in an NH_(3) atmosphere.The N-doped ZnO-Si HNWs(N:ZnO-Si HNWs)showed enhanced visible light absorption,and suppressed recombination of the photogenerated carriers.As compared to ZnO-Si HNWs(0.045 m A cm^(-2) at 1.23 V vs RHE),the N:ZnO-Si HNWs(0.34 m A cm^(-2) at 1.23 V vs RHE)annealed in NH^(3) ambient for 3 h at 600℃showed 7.5-fold enhancement in the photocurrent density.NiOOH-deposited N:ZnO-Si HNW photoanodes with a photostability of 82.21%over 20000 s showed 10.69-fold higher photocurrent density(0.48 m A cm^(-2) at 1.23 V vs RHE)than ZnO-Si HNWs.
文摘India imposed the largest lockdown in the world in response tofight the spread of the Novel Coronavirus disease(COVID-19)from 19 March till 31 May 2020.The onset of the pandemic left the general public feeling psycho-socially distressed,helpless,and anxious.The researcher developed a Messenger supported Chatbot,based on the broaden and build model,to cater to the healthy general public to promote positivity and mental well-being.31 participants between 22 and 45 years old consensually took a pre-test,Chatbot intervention,and post-test.The Chatbot provided guided activities out of which positive affirmations,meditation,and exercises were mostly used.The qualitative data from the study shows that the majority of the participants strongly feel positivity is within themselves and that the tool provided a self-help approach to be me well,mentally during the lockdown.The intervention helped significantly reducing symptoms of psychosocial distress in six of the individual’s post-chatbot interventions.Participants’impressions of the tool suggest more preponderant opportunities for future research in technology-driven mental health support.
基金supported by University Grants Com-mission,India,Major Research Project(No:33-397/2007(SRF))
文摘The coconut palm tree leaf sheath fibers were analyzed by FTIR spectral analysis, Chemical, X-ray and thermo gravimetric methods to assess their suitability as reinforcements in the preparation of green composites. The morphology of the untreated and alkali treated fibers was studied by scanning electron microscopic method. The FTIR and chemical analyses indicated lowering of hemi-cellulose content by alkali treatment of the fibers. The X-ray diffraction revealed an increase in crystallinity of the fibers on alkali treatment. The thermal stability of the fibers was found to increase slightly by alkali treatment. The tensile properties of these fibers increased on alkali treatment. The mechanical and other physical properties indicated that these fibers were suitable as reinforcements for making the green composites.
文摘The objective of the recently proposed fuzzy based hierarchical routing protocol F-SCH is to improve the lifetime of a Wireless Sensor Network. Though the performance of F-SCH is better than LEACH, the randomness in CH selection inhibits it from attaining enhanced lifetime. CBCH ensures maximum network lifetime when CH is close to the centroid of the cluster. However, for a widely distributed network, CBCH results in small sized clusters increasing the inter cluster communication cost. Hence, with an objective to enhance the network lifetime, a fuzzy based two-level hierarchical routing protocol is proposed. The novelty of the proposal lies in identification of appropriate parameters used in Cluster Head and Super Cluster Head selection. Experiments for different network scenarios are performed through both simulation and hardware to validate the proposal. The performance of the network is evaluated in terms of Node Death. The proposal is compared with F-SCH and the results reveal the efficacy of the proposal in enhancing the lifetime of network.
文摘The Healthcare monitoring on a clinical base involves many implicit communication between the patient and the care takers. Any misinterpretation leads to adverse effects. A simple wearable system can precisely interpret the implicit communication to the care takers or to an automated support device. Simple and obvious hand movements can be used for the above purpose. The proposed system suggests a novel methodology simpler than the existing sign language interpretations for such implicit communication. The experimental results show a well-distinguished realization of different hand movement activities using a wearable sensor medium and the interpretation results always show significant thresholds.
