Optical techniques offer a wide variety of applications as light-matter interactions provide extremely sensitive mechanisms to probe or treat target media.Most of these implementations rely on the usage of ballistic o...Optical techniques offer a wide variety of applications as light-matter interactions provide extremely sensitive mechanisms to probe or treat target media.Most of these implementations rely on the usage of ballistic or quasi-ballistic photons to achieve high spatial resolution.However,the inherent scattering nature of light in biological tissues or tissue-like scattering media constitutes a critical obstacle that has restricted the penetration depth of non-scattered photons and hence limited the implementation of most optical techniques for wider applications.In addition,the components of an optical system are usually designed and manufactured for a fixed function or performance.Recent advances in wavefront shaping have demonstrated that scattering-or component-induced phase distortions can be compensated by optimizing the wavefront of the input light pattern through iteration or by conjugating the transmission matrix of the scattering medium.展开更多
As one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases,China has set itself the ambitious goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.Therefore,it is crucial to quantify the magnitude and trend of s...As one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases,China has set itself the ambitious goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.Therefore,it is crucial to quantify the magnitude and trend of sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),and to monitor China's progress toward these goals.Using state-of-the-art datasets and models,this study comprehensively estimated the anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions from energy,industrial processes and product use,and waste along with natural sources and sinks of CO_(2)for all of China during 1980-2021.To recognize the differences among various methods of estimating greenhouse emissions,the estimates are compared with China's National Greenhouse Gas Inventories(NGHGIs)for 1994,2005,2010,2012,and 2014.Anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions in China have increased by 7.39 times from 1980 to 12.77 Gt CO_(2)a^(-1)in 2021.While benefiting from ecological projects(e.g.,Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project),the land carbon sink in China has reached 1.65 Gt CO_(2)a^(-1)averaged through 2010-2021,which is almost 15.81 times that of the carbon sink in the 1980s.On average,China's terrestrial ecosystems offset 14.69%±2.49%of anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions through 2010-2021.Two provincial-level administrative regions of China,Xizang and Qinghai,have achieved carbon neutrality according to our estimates,but nearly half of the administrative regions of China have terrestrial carbon sink offsets of less than 10%of anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions.This study indicated a high level of consistency between NGHGIs and various datasets used for estimating fossil CO_(2)emissions,but found notable differences for land carbon sinks.Future estimates of the terrestrial carbon sinks of NGHGIs urgently need to be verified with process-based models which integrate the comprehensive carbon cycle processes.展开更多
The global carbon balance is a core issue in climate change research and a focus of in ternational policy concern[1-3].The"missing carbon sink"caused by approximately 1.6-2.0 Pg Ca-1(1 Pg=1015 g)that is curr...The global carbon balance is a core issue in climate change research and a focus of in ternational policy concern[1-3].The"missing carbon sink"caused by approximately 1.6-2.0 Pg Ca-1(1 Pg=1015 g)that is currently unaccounted for,has long plagued researchers[4,5].Evidence is mounting those seemingly lifeless desert ecosystems,whose roles in the global carbon-cycle have long been neglected,exhib让the unconventional phenomenon of absorption of atmospheric CO2,sequestering enonnous amounts of CO2 and thereby creating a significant carbon-sink[6-9].展开更多
To investigate the influence of baseline enterotypes and dietary starch type on the concentration of short-chain fatty acids(SCFA),numbers of butyrate producing bacteria and the expression of genes related to intestin...To investigate the influence of baseline enterotypes and dietary starch type on the concentration of short-chain fatty acids(SCFA),numbers of butyrate producing bacteria and the expression of genes related to intestinal barrier and inflammatory response in the colon of finishing pigs,a 60-d in vivo trial was conducted.A 2-wk pre-trial with 102 crossbred(Duroc×[Landrace×Yorkshire])finishing barrows(90 d old)was conducted to screen enterotypes.Then,a total of 32 pigs(87.40±2.76 kg)with high(HPBR,>14)and low(LPBR,<2)Prevotella-to-Bacteroides ratios(PBR)in equal measure were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 replicates per group and 1 pig per replicate.The trial was designed following a 2(PBR)×2(amylose-to-amylopectin ratio,AMR)factorial arrangement.Pigs with different PBR were fed diets based on corn-soybean meal with high AMR(HAMR,1.24)or low AMR(LAMR,0.23),respectively.Results showed that neither PBR nor AMR influenced the growth performance of pigs.HPBR pigs fed HAMR diet had a higher number of colonic Clostridium cluster XIVa and higher gene expression of butyrate kinase compared to the LPBR pigs(P<0.05).The HPBR pigs fed HAMR diets also had increased colonic concentrations of total SCFA and propionate compared to the LPBR pigs(P<0.05).Comparing with other pigs,HPBR pigs fed HAMR diets showed a lower(P<0.05)expression of histone deacetylases(HDAC)gene and higher(P<0.05)expression of G protein-coupled receptor 43 gene(GPR 43)in the colonic mucosa.The interaction(P<0.05)of HPBR and HAMR was also found to decrease the gene expression of interleukin(IL)-6,IL-12,IL-1βand tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in colonic mucosa.These findings show that HAMR diet increased the abundance and activity of butyrate-producing bacteria and the concentration and absorption of SCFA,which may be associated with the decreased gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the colonic mucosa of pigs with Prevotella-rich enterotype.All these alterations are likely to have a positive effect on the intestinal health of 展开更多
目的探讨使用经皮外固定复位器械联合椎体成形术(PVP)治疗老年胸腰椎压缩骨折的安全性和临床疗效。方法对2015年12月至2016年10月广东省人民医院收治的13例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者,经伤椎上下邻椎穿刺置钉,安装自行研制的经皮外固...目的探讨使用经皮外固定复位器械联合椎体成形术(PVP)治疗老年胸腰椎压缩骨折的安全性和临床疗效。方法对2015年12月至2016年10月广东省人民医院收治的13例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者,经伤椎上下邻椎穿刺置钉,安装自行研制的经皮外固定复位器械,根据术前计算及术中C型臂X线机监视结果复位局部后凸畸形,然后行伤椎PVP,术毕取出经皮置钉复位器械。评估手术前后腰痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分和伤椎椎体前后缘高度,记录围手术期并发症。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间68 min(50~80 min),术中出血量5~20 m L(平均12 m L),平均骨水泥注射量6 m L(4~8 m L)。术后VAS评分较术前有明显改善[(2.4±1.3)vs(7.2±1.7)分,P<0.05];X线片提示伤椎椎体前后缘高度分别由术前(58±10)%、(83±11)%恢复至术后(89±11)%、(95±8)%,手术前后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。1例骨水泥渗漏至上方椎间隙、2例渗漏至椎旁静脉丛、2例侧方渗漏。术后随访3~12个月(平均7.1个月),椎体形态无明显变化,椎体前缘高度未见明显丢失。结论对于老年胸腰椎压缩骨折患者,经皮外固定复位器械联合PVP具有椎弓根钉固定撑开复位和稳定椎体的作用,创伤小,操作简单,手术安全可控,初步临床应用效果满意。展开更多
Information retrieval from visually random optical speckle patterns is desired in many scenarios yet considered challenging.It requires accurate understanding or mapping of the multiple scattering process,or reliable ...Information retrieval from visually random optical speckle patterns is desired in many scenarios yet considered challenging.It requires accurate understanding or mapping of the multiple scattering process,or reliable capability to reverse or compensate for the scattering-induced phase distortions.In whatever situation,effective resolving and digitization of speckle patterns are necessary.Nevertheless,on some occasions,to increase the acquisition speed and/or signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),speckles captured by cameras are inevitably sampled in the sub-Nyquist domain via pixel binning(one camera pixel contains multiple speckle grains)due to finite size or limited bandwidth of photosensors.Such a down-sampling process is irreversible;it undermines the fine structures of speckle grains and hence the encoded information,preventing successful information extraction.To retrace the lost information,super-resolution interpolation for such sub-Nyquist sampled speckles is needed.In this work,a deep neural network,namely SpkSRNet,is proposed to effectively up sample speckles that are sampled below 1/10 of the Nyquist criterion to well-resolved ones that not only resemble the comprehensive morphology of original speckles(decompose multiple speckle grains from one camera pixel)but also recover the lost complex information(human face in this study)with high fidelity under normal-and low-light conditions,which is impossible with classic interpolation methods.These successful speckle super-resolution interpolation demonstrations are essentially enabled by the strong implicit correlation among speckle grains,which is non-quantifiable but could be discovered by the well-trained network.With further engineering,the proposed learning platform may benefit many scenarios that are physically inaccessible,enabling fast acquisition of speckles with sufficient SNR and opening up new avenues for seeing big and seeing clearly simultaneously in complex scenarios.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(81930048,81627805)Hong Kong Research Grant Council(15217721,R5029-19,C7074-21GF)+3 种基金Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission(GHP/043/19SZ,GHP/044/19GD)Guangdong Science and Technology Commission(2019A1515011374,2019BT02X105)National Research Foundation of Korea(2015R1A3A2066550,2021R1A2C3012903)Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP,2021-0-00745)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT).
文摘Optical techniques offer a wide variety of applications as light-matter interactions provide extremely sensitive mechanisms to probe or treat target media.Most of these implementations rely on the usage of ballistic or quasi-ballistic photons to achieve high spatial resolution.However,the inherent scattering nature of light in biological tissues or tissue-like scattering media constitutes a critical obstacle that has restricted the penetration depth of non-scattered photons and hence limited the implementation of most optical techniques for wider applications.In addition,the components of an optical system are usually designed and manufactured for a fixed function or performance.Recent advances in wavefront shaping have demonstrated that scattering-or component-induced phase distortions can be compensated by optimizing the wavefront of the input light pattern through iteration or by conjugating the transmission matrix of the scattering medium.
基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(41925001)the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42141020)。
文摘As one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases,China has set itself the ambitious goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.Therefore,it is crucial to quantify the magnitude and trend of sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),and to monitor China's progress toward these goals.Using state-of-the-art datasets and models,this study comprehensively estimated the anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions from energy,industrial processes and product use,and waste along with natural sources and sinks of CO_(2)for all of China during 1980-2021.To recognize the differences among various methods of estimating greenhouse emissions,the estimates are compared with China's National Greenhouse Gas Inventories(NGHGIs)for 1994,2005,2010,2012,and 2014.Anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions in China have increased by 7.39 times from 1980 to 12.77 Gt CO_(2)a^(-1)in 2021.While benefiting from ecological projects(e.g.,Three Norths Shelter Forest System Project),the land carbon sink in China has reached 1.65 Gt CO_(2)a^(-1)averaged through 2010-2021,which is almost 15.81 times that of the carbon sink in the 1980s.On average,China's terrestrial ecosystems offset 14.69%±2.49%of anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions through 2010-2021.Two provincial-level administrative regions of China,Xizang and Qinghai,have achieved carbon neutrality according to our estimates,but nearly half of the administrative regions of China have terrestrial carbon sink offsets of less than 10%of anthropogenic CO_(2)emissions.This study indicated a high level of consistency between NGHGIs and various datasets used for estimating fossil CO_(2)emissions,but found notable differences for land carbon sinks.Future estimates of the terrestrial carbon sinks of NGHGIs urgently need to be verified with process-based models which integrate the comprehensive carbon cycle processes.
基金the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41521004,41975010 and 41175140)the China University Research Talents Recruitment Program(B13045).
文摘The global carbon balance is a core issue in climate change research and a focus of in ternational policy concern[1-3].The"missing carbon sink"caused by approximately 1.6-2.0 Pg Ca-1(1 Pg=1015 g)that is currently unaccounted for,has long plagued researchers[4,5].Evidence is mounting those seemingly lifeless desert ecosystems,whose roles in the global carbon-cycle have long been neglected,exhib让the unconventional phenomenon of absorption of atmospheric CO2,sequestering enonnous amounts of CO2 and thereby creating a significant carbon-sink[6-9].
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,grant number 31730091,31872369 and 31672436).
文摘To investigate the influence of baseline enterotypes and dietary starch type on the concentration of short-chain fatty acids(SCFA),numbers of butyrate producing bacteria and the expression of genes related to intestinal barrier and inflammatory response in the colon of finishing pigs,a 60-d in vivo trial was conducted.A 2-wk pre-trial with 102 crossbred(Duroc×[Landrace×Yorkshire])finishing barrows(90 d old)was conducted to screen enterotypes.Then,a total of 32 pigs(87.40±2.76 kg)with high(HPBR,>14)and low(LPBR,<2)Prevotella-to-Bacteroides ratios(PBR)in equal measure were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 replicates per group and 1 pig per replicate.The trial was designed following a 2(PBR)×2(amylose-to-amylopectin ratio,AMR)factorial arrangement.Pigs with different PBR were fed diets based on corn-soybean meal with high AMR(HAMR,1.24)or low AMR(LAMR,0.23),respectively.Results showed that neither PBR nor AMR influenced the growth performance of pigs.HPBR pigs fed HAMR diet had a higher number of colonic Clostridium cluster XIVa and higher gene expression of butyrate kinase compared to the LPBR pigs(P<0.05).The HPBR pigs fed HAMR diets also had increased colonic concentrations of total SCFA and propionate compared to the LPBR pigs(P<0.05).Comparing with other pigs,HPBR pigs fed HAMR diets showed a lower(P<0.05)expression of histone deacetylases(HDAC)gene and higher(P<0.05)expression of G protein-coupled receptor 43 gene(GPR 43)in the colonic mucosa.The interaction(P<0.05)of HPBR and HAMR was also found to decrease the gene expression of interleukin(IL)-6,IL-12,IL-1βand tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in colonic mucosa.These findings show that HAMR diet increased the abundance and activity of butyrate-producing bacteria and the concentration and absorption of SCFA,which may be associated with the decreased gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the colonic mucosa of pigs with Prevotella-rich enterotype.All these alterations are likely to have a positive effect on the intestinal health of
文摘目的探讨使用经皮外固定复位器械联合椎体成形术(PVP)治疗老年胸腰椎压缩骨折的安全性和临床疗效。方法对2015年12月至2016年10月广东省人民医院收治的13例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者,经伤椎上下邻椎穿刺置钉,安装自行研制的经皮外固定复位器械,根据术前计算及术中C型臂X线机监视结果复位局部后凸畸形,然后行伤椎PVP,术毕取出经皮置钉复位器械。评估手术前后腰痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分和伤椎椎体前后缘高度,记录围手术期并发症。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间68 min(50~80 min),术中出血量5~20 m L(平均12 m L),平均骨水泥注射量6 m L(4~8 m L)。术后VAS评分较术前有明显改善[(2.4±1.3)vs(7.2±1.7)分,P<0.05];X线片提示伤椎椎体前后缘高度分别由术前(58±10)%、(83±11)%恢复至术后(89±11)%、(95±8)%,手术前后比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。1例骨水泥渗漏至上方椎间隙、2例渗漏至椎旁静脉丛、2例侧方渗漏。术后随访3~12个月(平均7.1个月),椎体形态无明显变化,椎体前缘高度未见明显丢失。结论对于老年胸腰椎压缩骨折患者,经皮外固定复位器械联合PVP具有椎弓根钉固定撑开复位和稳定椎体的作用,创伤小,操作简单,手术安全可控,初步临床应用效果满意。
基金Agency for Science,Technology and Research(A18A7b0058)Innovation and Technology Commission(GHP/043/19SZ,GHP/044/19GD)+2 种基金Hong Kong Research Grant Council(15217721,C5078-21EF,R5029-19)Guangdong Science and Technology Department(2019A1515011374,2019BT02X105)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81627805,81930048)。
文摘Information retrieval from visually random optical speckle patterns is desired in many scenarios yet considered challenging.It requires accurate understanding or mapping of the multiple scattering process,or reliable capability to reverse or compensate for the scattering-induced phase distortions.In whatever situation,effective resolving and digitization of speckle patterns are necessary.Nevertheless,on some occasions,to increase the acquisition speed and/or signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),speckles captured by cameras are inevitably sampled in the sub-Nyquist domain via pixel binning(one camera pixel contains multiple speckle grains)due to finite size or limited bandwidth of photosensors.Such a down-sampling process is irreversible;it undermines the fine structures of speckle grains and hence the encoded information,preventing successful information extraction.To retrace the lost information,super-resolution interpolation for such sub-Nyquist sampled speckles is needed.In this work,a deep neural network,namely SpkSRNet,is proposed to effectively up sample speckles that are sampled below 1/10 of the Nyquist criterion to well-resolved ones that not only resemble the comprehensive morphology of original speckles(decompose multiple speckle grains from one camera pixel)but also recover the lost complex information(human face in this study)with high fidelity under normal-and low-light conditions,which is impossible with classic interpolation methods.These successful speckle super-resolution interpolation demonstrations are essentially enabled by the strong implicit correlation among speckle grains,which is non-quantifiable but could be discovered by the well-trained network.With further engineering,the proposed learning platform may benefit many scenarios that are physically inaccessible,enabling fast acquisition of speckles with sufficient SNR and opening up new avenues for seeing big and seeing clearly simultaneously in complex scenarios.
