The role for surgery in the management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer(LAPC)is nicely discussed in the manuscript by Gemenetzis et al.published in the Annals of Surgery(1).As the authors acknowledge,therapeutic ...The role for surgery in the management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer(LAPC)is nicely discussed in the manuscript by Gemenetzis et al.published in the Annals of Surgery(1).As the authors acknowledge,therapeutic selection,sequencing and surgical resection were based on expert consensus in their multidisciplinary clinic.展开更多
The majority of patients with localized pancreatic cancer (PC) who undergo surgery followed by adjuvant therapy will develop metastatic disease, suggesting that surgery alone is not sufficient for cure and micrometast...The majority of patients with localized pancreatic cancer (PC) who undergo surgery followed by adjuvant therapy will develop metastatic disease, suggesting that surgery alone is not sufficient for cure and micrometastases are present even when are not clinically detected. As such, the delivery of early systemic therapy may be a rational alternative to a surgery-first approach, in an effort to provide oncologic therapies which are commensurate with the disease stage, and improve surgical selection. This review details the rationale for a neoadjuvant approach to localized PC and provides specific recommendations for both pretreatment staging and treatment sequencing for patients with resectable and borderline resectable PC.展开更多
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is considered as an important biofuel crop but further studies on factors that may have an effect on agronomic performance and energy attributes are needed to help elucidate managemen...Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is considered as an important biofuel crop but further studies on factors that may have an effect on agronomic performance and energy attributes are needed to help elucidate management strategies for the crop. A 2-yr field study at the Brown Loam Branch Experiment Station, Raymond, Mississippi, USA, quantified the effects of four N application rates and four genotypes on biomass yield, ethanol yield, and nutrient removal of switchgrass. Biomass yield response to N rate was linear in 2008 and quadratic in 2009. Among genotypes, biomass yield averaged across N rate and years, ranked lowland NF/GA992 (13.9 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup>) = lowland NF/GA001 (13.4 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup>) > lowland Alamo (11.5 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup>) > upland Cave-in-Rock (6.1 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup>). There was no effect of N rate on tissue mineral concentrations but there was an N rate effect on Ca and Mg removal. Also, N use (biomass yield produced per unit N applied) and recovery (N removed in biomass) declined as N rate increased. Total ethanol yield was the greatest in Alamo (165.8 L·Mg<sup>-1</sup>) and averaged 162.0 L·Mg<sup>-1</sup> for the other three genotypes. Total ethanol production was related more to biomass yield than chemical composition differences and was similar among lowland genotypes but different from Cave-in-Rock in 2008 (1.7 vs. 0.9 kL·ha<sup>-1</sup>) and 2009 (2.6 vs. 1.1 kL·ha<sup>-1</sup>). Feedstock grown from lowland Alamo, NF/GA001 or NF/GA992 produced greater biomass yield and ethanol as well as greater N use efficiency and recovery. These results indicate that there is opportunity to increase switchgrass biomass production through genotype selection and N management.展开更多
文摘The role for surgery in the management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer(LAPC)is nicely discussed in the manuscript by Gemenetzis et al.published in the Annals of Surgery(1).As the authors acknowledge,therapeutic selection,sequencing and surgical resection were based on expert consensus in their multidisciplinary clinic.
文摘The majority of patients with localized pancreatic cancer (PC) who undergo surgery followed by adjuvant therapy will develop metastatic disease, suggesting that surgery alone is not sufficient for cure and micrometastases are present even when are not clinically detected. As such, the delivery of early systemic therapy may be a rational alternative to a surgery-first approach, in an effort to provide oncologic therapies which are commensurate with the disease stage, and improve surgical selection. This review details the rationale for a neoadjuvant approach to localized PC and provides specific recommendations for both pretreatment staging and treatment sequencing for patients with resectable and borderline resectable PC.
文摘Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is considered as an important biofuel crop but further studies on factors that may have an effect on agronomic performance and energy attributes are needed to help elucidate management strategies for the crop. A 2-yr field study at the Brown Loam Branch Experiment Station, Raymond, Mississippi, USA, quantified the effects of four N application rates and four genotypes on biomass yield, ethanol yield, and nutrient removal of switchgrass. Biomass yield response to N rate was linear in 2008 and quadratic in 2009. Among genotypes, biomass yield averaged across N rate and years, ranked lowland NF/GA992 (13.9 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup>) = lowland NF/GA001 (13.4 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup>) > lowland Alamo (11.5 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup>) > upland Cave-in-Rock (6.1 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup>). There was no effect of N rate on tissue mineral concentrations but there was an N rate effect on Ca and Mg removal. Also, N use (biomass yield produced per unit N applied) and recovery (N removed in biomass) declined as N rate increased. Total ethanol yield was the greatest in Alamo (165.8 L·Mg<sup>-1</sup>) and averaged 162.0 L·Mg<sup>-1</sup> for the other three genotypes. Total ethanol production was related more to biomass yield than chemical composition differences and was similar among lowland genotypes but different from Cave-in-Rock in 2008 (1.7 vs. 0.9 kL·ha<sup>-1</sup>) and 2009 (2.6 vs. 1.1 kL·ha<sup>-1</sup>). Feedstock grown from lowland Alamo, NF/GA001 or NF/GA992 produced greater biomass yield and ethanol as well as greater N use efficiency and recovery. These results indicate that there is opportunity to increase switchgrass biomass production through genotype selection and N management.
