Compared to the higher fungi(Dikarya),taxonomic and evolutionary studies on the basal clades of fungi are fewer in number.Thus,the generic boundaries and higher ranks in the basal clades of fungi are poorly known.Rece...Compared to the higher fungi(Dikarya),taxonomic and evolutionary studies on the basal clades of fungi are fewer in number.Thus,the generic boundaries and higher ranks in the basal clades of fungi are poorly known.Recent DNA based taxonomic studies have provided reliable and accurate information.It is therefore necessary to compile all available information since basal clades genera lack updated checklists or outlines.Recently,Tedersoo et al.(MycoKeys 13:1–20,2016)accepted Aphelidiomycota and Rozellomycota in Fungal clade.Thus,we regard both these phyla as members in Kingdom Fungi.We accept 16 phyla in basal clades viz.Aphelidiomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Caulochytriomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomy-cota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocallimastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota.Thus,611 genera in 153 families,43 orders and 18 classes are provided with details of classification,synonyms,life modes,distribution,recent literature and genomic data.Moreover,Catenariaceae Couch is proposed to be conserved,Cladochytriales Mozl.-Standr.is emended and the family Nephridiophagaceae is introduced.展开更多
Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi,has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques,over the past 10–15 years,and continues to accelerate.Several genera ...Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi,has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques,over the past 10–15 years,and continues to accelerate.Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic,and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended.New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera.The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011,has also caused changes in fungal generic names.In order to facilitate access to all important changes,it was desirable to compile these in a single document.The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota(approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016),including those which are lichen-forming.Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of‘Ainsworth&Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi’in 2008 are provided.The notes include the number of accepted species,classification,type species(with location of the type material),culture availability,life-styles,distribution,and selected publications that have appeared since 2008.This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the"Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi"published in 2013,which will be developed into a list of protected generic names.This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists,and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi(NCF).The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis,Collophora(as Collophorina),Cryomyces,Dematiopleospora,Heterospora(as Heterosporicola),Lithophila,Palmomyces(as Palmaria)and Saxomyces are validated,as are two previously invalid family names,Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae.Four species of Lalaria,which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new 展开更多
Improvement of coking properties of sub-bituminous coal （A） and bituminous coal （B） was done using blended organic solvents, namely, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone （NMP） and ethylenediamine （EDA）. Various solvent bl...Improvement of coking properties of sub-bituminous coal （A） and bituminous coal （B） was done using blended organic solvents, namely, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone （NMP） and ethylenediamine （EDA）. Various solvent blends were employed for the coal extraction under the total reflux condition. A low-cost ceramic membrane was fabricated using industrial waste iron ore slime of M/s TATA steel R＆D, Jamshedpur （India） to separate out the dissolved coking fraction from the solvent-coal mixture. Membrane separations were carried out in a batch cell, and around 75 % recovered NMP was reused. The fractionated coal properties were determined using proximate and ultimate analyses. In the case of bituminous coal, the ash and sulfur contents were decreased by 99.3 % and 79.2 %, respectively, whereas, the carbon content was increased by 23.9 % in the separated coal fraction. Three different cleaning agents, namely deionized water, sodium dodecyl sulphate and NMP were used to regain the original membrane permeability for the reusing.展开更多
Purpose:Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery(ETSS)is an increasingly utilized approach for resection of pituitary tumors.Prior studies have evaluated preoperative tumor size,location,and extent as prognostic factors for...Purpose:Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery(ETSS)is an increasingly utilized approach for resection of pituitary tumors.Prior studies have evaluated preoperative tumor size,location,and extent as prognostic factors for surgical resection.There is little data on the relationship between preoperative pituitary tumor radiographic morphology and surgical outcomes.Study Design:Retrospective longitudinal study.Setting:Single tertiary care institution.Subjects and Methods:Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans from patients undergoing ETSS for pituitary tumor resections from 2007 to 2017 were retrospectively evaluated.A neuroradiologist classified these pituitary tumors into six morphologic groups,each defined by volume,dimensions,extension,and shape.Surgical difficulty,rates of incomplete resection,and postoperative complications were then stratified in relation to the morphologic groups.Results:Pituitary tumors from 131 patients were classified from preoperative imaging into six characteristic morphologies:(1)microtumor,(2)round,(3)transverse oblong,(4)superior-inferior oblong,(5)bilobed,and(6)large lobulated.Tumors that were characterized with the large lobulated,bilobed,and transverse oblong morphologies correlated with higher rates of postoperative evidence of residual tumor(70%,36%,and 47%,respectively,all P<0.002).Likewise,large lobulated,bilobed,and transverse oblong morphologies were also associated with intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks(70%,31%,and 35%,respectively,all P<0.05).Conclusions:We describe a novel descriptive system for the morphology of pituitary tumors that can be determined from preoperative imaging.Different tumor morphologic groups are associated with varying degrees of gross tumor resection,complications,and surgical difficulty.Utilizing pituitary tumor morphology may aid surgeons in planning the extent of resection,need for complex closure,and patient counseling.展开更多
The time domain approach, i.e. Autoregressive (AR) processes, of time series analysis is applied to the monsoon rainfall series of India and its two major regions, viz. North-West India and Central India. Since the o... The time domain approach, i.e. Autoregressive (AR) processes, of time series analysis is applied to the monsoon rainfall series of India and its two major regions, viz. North-West India and Central India. Since the original time series shows no modelable structure due to the presence of high interannual variability, a 3-point running filter is applied before exploring and fitting appropriate stochastic models. Out of several parsimonious models fitted, AR(3) is found to be most suitable. The usefulness of this fitted model is validted on an independent datum of 18 years and some skill has been noted. These models therefore can be used for low skill higher lead time forecasts of monsoon. Further the forecasts produced through such models can be combined with other forecasts to increase the skill of monsoon forecasts.展开更多
Background:In Zimbabwe,26.2 percent of children under five are stunted.Evidence has shown that multi-sector interventions are key to addressing stunting.Yet,practical implementation is difficult,often occurring throug...Background:In Zimbabwe,26.2 percent of children under five are stunted.Evidence has shown that multi-sector interventions are key to addressing stunting.Yet,practical implementation is difficult,often occurring through separate disjointed and uncoordinated sector actions with limited access to real time information for decision-making.Objective:To describe the design,implementation,successes,challenges and lessons learned from using a near-real time monitoring(NRTM)system as a monitoring tool for multi-sectoral community based model for stunting reduction in Zimbabwe.Methods:An open source technology was used to obtain the information needed on the multi-sectoral coordination process,provide a common platform to capture and present data on situational factors,community conditions and practices to be acted upon and thus contribute to reducing stunting.Results:Significant improvements in community data flows were noted;the system brought together several types of data,concepts,stakeholders and multi-sector energies into focused programming.Several challenges including conceptual issues,initial coordination,financial resources and missed partnership opportunities were documented.The introduction of the NRTM system resulted in improved data flows for programme monitoring and facilitated multi-sector collaboration.Conclusion:NRTM is an effective monitoring tool for the multi-sectoral community based model to reduce stunting in Zimbabwe.展开更多
Aim:Leelamine(LLM)inhibits the growth of human prostate cancer cells but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood.The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of LLM on cMyc,which is overexpressed ...Aim:Leelamine(LLM)inhibits the growth of human prostate cancer cells but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood.The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of LLM on cMyc,which is overexpressed in a subset of human prostate cancers.Methods:The effect of LLM on cMyc expression and activity was determined by western blotting/confocal microscopy and luciferase reporter assay,respectively.A transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer(Hi-Myc)was used to determine the chemopreventive efficacy of LLM.Results:Exposure of androgen-sensitive(LNCaP)and castration-resistant(22Rv1)human prostate cancer cells to LLM resulted in downregulation of protein and mRNA levels of cMyc.Overexpression of cMyc partially attenuated LLM-mediated inhibition of colony formation,cell viability,and cell migration in 22Rv1 and/or PC-3 cells.LLM treatment decreased protein levels of cMyc targets(e.g.,lactate dehydrogenase),however,overexpression of cMyc did not attenuate these effects.A trend for a decrease in the expression level of cMyc protein was discernible in 22Rv1 xenografts from LLM-treated mice compared with control mice.LLM treatment(10 mg/kg body weight,5 times/week)was well-tolerated by Hi-Myc transgenic mice.The incidence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia,adenocarcinoma in situ,and microinvasion were lower in LLM-treated Hi-Myc mice but the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion:The present study reveals that LLM inhibits cMyc expression in human prostate cancer cells in vitro but concentrations higher than 10 mg/kg may be required to achieve chemoprevention of prostate cancer.展开更多
In the present work, 6082 Al alloy has been rolled to 40% and 70% thickness reductions at the cryogenic and room temperatures for the improvement in mechanical and fracture toughness properties. All cryorolled samples...In the present work, 6082 Al alloy has been rolled to 40% and 70% thickness reductions at the cryogenic and room temperatures for the improvement in mechanical and fracture toughness properties. All cryorolled samples are subjected to aging at different temperatures, i.e., 140, 160, and 190 ℃ to improve the strength, ductility, and fracture toughness. The microstructures of the cryorolled （CR） and room temperature rolled （RTR） alloy after 40% and 70% thickness reductions are characterized by FE-SEM to reveal the modes of failure. The results show that the starting bulk Al alloy specimen is fractured in total ductile manner, consisting of well-developed dimples over the entire surface. The mechanical properties and fracture toughness of the 70% CR alloy are found better than 70% RTR alloy due to higher dislocations density and formation of sub-grain structures in the CR alloy.展开更多
here are limitations in using the seasonal rainfall total in studies of Monsoon rainfall climatology. A correlation analysis of the individual station seasonal rainfall with all India seasonal mean rainfall has been m...here are limitations in using the seasonal rainfall total in studies of Monsoon rainfall climatology. A correlation analysis of the individual station seasonal rainfall with all India seasonal mean rainfall has been made. After taking the significance test (strictly up to 5% level) the stations which are significantly correlated have been considered in this study in normal, flood and drought years respectively. Analysis of seasonal rainfall data of 50 stations spread over a period of 41 years suggests that a linear relationship fits better than the logarithmic relationship when seasonal rainfall versus number of rainy days is studied. The linear relationship is also found to be better in the case of seasonal rainfall versus mean daily intensity.展开更多
The system of rice intensification （SRI） is reported to have advantages like lower seed requirement,less pest attack,shorter crop duration,higher water use efficiency and the ability to withstand higher degree of mo...The system of rice intensification （SRI） is reported to have advantages like lower seed requirement,less pest attack,shorter crop duration,higher water use efficiency and the ability to withstand higher degree of moisture stress than traditional method of rice cultivation.With this background,SRI was compared with traditional transplanting technique at Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi,India during two wet seasons （2009-2011）.In the experiment laid out in a factorial randomized block design,two methods of rice cultivation [conventional transplanting （CT） and SRI] and two rice varieties （Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa 44） were used under seven crop nutrition treatments,viz.T 1,120 kg/hm2 N,26.2 kg/hm2 P and 33 kg/hm2 K;T 2,20 t/hm2 farmyard manure （FYM）;T 3,10 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N;T 4,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 90 kg/hm2 N;T 5,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N＋ 1.5 kg/hm2 blue green algae （BGA）;T 6,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N＋ 1.0 t/hm2 Azolla,and T 7,N 0 P 0 K 0 （control,no NPK application） to study the effect on seed quality,yield and water use.In SRI,soil was kept at saturated moisture condition throughout vegetative phase and thin layer of water （2-3 cm） was maintained during the reproductive phase of rice,however,in CT,standing water was maintained in crop growing season.Results revealed that CT and SRI gave statistically at par grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in CT as compared to SRI.Seed quality was superior in SRI as compared to CT.Integrated nutrient management （INM） resulted in higher plant height with longer leaves than chemical fertilizer alone in both the rice varieties.Grain yield attributes such as number of effective tillers per hill,panicle length and panicle weight of rice in both the varieties were significantly higher in INM as compared to chemical fertilizer alone.Grain yields of both the varieties were the highest in INM followed by the recommended doses of chemical fertilizer.The grain yield and its attributes of Pusa 44 were significantly展开更多
In this work,element free Galerkin method(EFGM)has been used to obtain the solution of edge crack problem under mechanical loads as it provides a versatile technique to model static as well as moving crack problems wi...In this work,element free Galerkin method(EFGM)has been used to obtain the solution of edge crack problem under mechanical loads as it provides a versatile technique to model static as well as moving crack problems without any requirement of remeshing.At first,some techniques are presented for enriching the EFG approximations near the crack tip such as extrinsic and intrinsic enrichment.Extrinsic enrichment involves the addition of solution form to the trial function,whereas the EFG basis is expanded to include few terms from crack tip solution in intrinsic enrichment.Apart from enrichment techniques,four basic techniques of smoothing meshless approximations near nonconvex boundaries are also presented such as diffraction,transparency,see through and wedge model.These techniques are then used for the parameteric analysis of an edge crack problem under mode-1 loading and results obtained using different approaches are compared with each other as well as with exact solution.Among these techniques,the extrinsic PU enrichment technique was found to be more accurate as compared to other approaches.Extrinsic PU enrichment technique has also been used for the analysis of a shear edge crack problem.In all these techniques,the value of mode-1 stress intensity factor and mode-2 stress intensity factor has been evaluated by interaction integral approach.Effect of crack orientation is also studied for different cases.展开更多
The texture and mechanical properties of cross-rolled zircaloy-2 at 77 and 300 K were investigated.Crossrolling at 77 K was performed to impart different thickness reductions of 25% and 50%,while at 300 K with 25%,50%...The texture and mechanical properties of cross-rolled zircaloy-2 at 77 and 300 K were investigated.Crossrolling at 77 K was performed to impart different thickness reductions of 25% and 50%,while at 300 K with 25%,50%,75% and 85% reductions to the sample.EBSD analysis of deformed sample showed that near-basal orientation is not deformed completely after 50% rolling reduction.The activation of prismatic silp,{1122} contraction twin and {1012} extension twin were evident from the deformed microstructure at 77 K.The propensity for activation of basal slip〈a〉 at77 K was also observed.The deformation of the sample at 300 K occurs by prismatic,basal 〈a〉 and pyramidal 〈c＋a〉slips,which were predicted by pole figures.After annealing,the tensile strengths（735 and 710 MPa） are almost the same for 50% cryo-cross-rolled and room-temperature cross-rolled zircaloy-2 with almost 2.7% difference in their ductility.KAM analysis of the deformed samples was made to estimate the stored strain energy and dislocation density.Annealing of deformed sample at 673 K for 30 min results in recrystallization,which leads to the formation of ultrafine grains.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Centre,Poland,under Grants No.2015/17/D/NZ8/00778,2017/25/B/NZ8/00473 to Julia Pawłowska and 2016/23/B/NZ8/00897 to Marta Wrzosek.Yuri S.Tokarev thanks Russian Science Foundation,Grant Number 16-1400005(taxonomy of Microsporidea)and Prof.I.V.Issi(All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection)for consultation.
文摘Compared to the higher fungi(Dikarya),taxonomic and evolutionary studies on the basal clades of fungi are fewer in number.Thus,the generic boundaries and higher ranks in the basal clades of fungi are poorly known.Recent DNA based taxonomic studies have provided reliable and accurate information.It is therefore necessary to compile all available information since basal clades genera lack updated checklists or outlines.Recently,Tedersoo et al.(MycoKeys 13:1–20,2016)accepted Aphelidiomycota and Rozellomycota in Fungal clade.Thus,we regard both these phyla as members in Kingdom Fungi.We accept 16 phyla in basal clades viz.Aphelidiomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Caulochytriomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomy-cota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocallimastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota.Thus,611 genera in 153 families,43 orders and 18 classes are provided with details of classification,synonyms,life modes,distribution,recent literature and genomic data.Moreover,Catenariaceae Couch is proposed to be conserved,Cladochytriales Mozl.-Standr.is emended and the family Nephridiophagaceae is introduced.
基金Acknowledgements Nalin Wijayawardene would like to thank Lechat Christian,Yuanpin Xiao,Danushka Sandaruwan,Paul Mungai,Huang Zhang,Ishani Goonasekara,Chada Norphanphoun,Ishara Manawasingha,Rajesh Jeewon,Thilini Chethana and Hasini Ekanayaka for their assistances and suggestions.We would like to thank Mark Stadler for his help to check names in Xylariales.Nalin Wijayawardene and Pedro Crous thank Ulrike Damm for her comments and suggestions for validating several names.K.D.Hyde thanks The Chinese Academy of Sciences,for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany.K.D.Hyde and Monika C.Dayarathne would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund(TRF)grant no RSA5980068 entitled Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans,National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)entitled Diseases of mangrove trees and maintenance of good forestry practice(Grant number:60201000201)Mae Fah Luang University grant"Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes of Pandanaceae"(Grant number:592010200112)+3 种基金Hugo Madrid was funded by Comisio´n Nacional de Investigacio´n Cientı´fica y Tecnolo´gica(CONICYT)Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientı´fico y Tecnolo´gico(FONDECYT),Chile,project no.11140562."Rafael F.Castan˜eda-Ruiz is grateful to the Organizacio´n Superior de Direccio´n Empresarial,Grupo Agrı´cola,(OSDE)from the Cuban Ministry of Agriculture and"Programa de Salud Animal y Vegetal",project P131LH003033.Dong Qin Dai would like to thank the Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Evolution for Animals and plants on Yun-Gui Plateau for the support.Ka-Lai Pang thanks Ministry of Science and Technology,Taiwan for financial support(105-2621-B-019-002-)Guo Zhu Zhao was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31570019)Mingkwan Doilom acknowledges the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program(PHD./0072/2553 in 4.S.M.F./53/A.2.K.Tanaka would
文摘Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi,has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques,over the past 10–15 years,and continues to accelerate.Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic,and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended.New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera.The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011,has also caused changes in fungal generic names.In order to facilitate access to all important changes,it was desirable to compile these in a single document.The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota(approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016),including those which are lichen-forming.Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of‘Ainsworth&Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi’in 2008 are provided.The notes include the number of accepted species,classification,type species(with location of the type material),culture availability,life-styles,distribution,and selected publications that have appeared since 2008.This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the"Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi"published in 2013,which will be developed into a list of protected generic names.This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists,and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi(NCF).The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis,Collophora(as Collophorina),Cryomyces,Dematiopleospora,Heterospora(as Heterosporicola),Lithophila,Palmomyces(as Palmaria)and Saxomyces are validated,as are two previously invalid family names,Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae.Four species of Lalaria,which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new
文摘Improvement of coking properties of sub-bituminous coal （A） and bituminous coal （B） was done using blended organic solvents, namely, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone （NMP） and ethylenediamine （EDA）. Various solvent blends were employed for the coal extraction under the total reflux condition. A low-cost ceramic membrane was fabricated using industrial waste iron ore slime of M/s TATA steel R＆D, Jamshedpur （India） to separate out the dissolved coking fraction from the solvent-coal mixture. Membrane separations were carried out in a batch cell, and around 75 % recovered NMP was reused. The fractionated coal properties were determined using proximate and ultimate analyses. In the case of bituminous coal, the ash and sulfur contents were decreased by 99.3 % and 79.2 %, respectively, whereas, the carbon content was increased by 23.9 % in the separated coal fraction. Three different cleaning agents, namely deionized water, sodium dodecyl sulphate and NMP were used to regain the original membrane permeability for the reusing.
文摘Purpose:Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery(ETSS)is an increasingly utilized approach for resection of pituitary tumors.Prior studies have evaluated preoperative tumor size,location,and extent as prognostic factors for surgical resection.There is little data on the relationship between preoperative pituitary tumor radiographic morphology and surgical outcomes.Study Design:Retrospective longitudinal study.Setting:Single tertiary care institution.Subjects and Methods:Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans from patients undergoing ETSS for pituitary tumor resections from 2007 to 2017 were retrospectively evaluated.A neuroradiologist classified these pituitary tumors into six morphologic groups,each defined by volume,dimensions,extension,and shape.Surgical difficulty,rates of incomplete resection,and postoperative complications were then stratified in relation to the morphologic groups.Results:Pituitary tumors from 131 patients were classified from preoperative imaging into six characteristic morphologies:(1)microtumor,(2)round,(3)transverse oblong,(4)superior-inferior oblong,(5)bilobed,and(6)large lobulated.Tumors that were characterized with the large lobulated,bilobed,and transverse oblong morphologies correlated with higher rates of postoperative evidence of residual tumor(70%,36%,and 47%,respectively,all P<0.002).Likewise,large lobulated,bilobed,and transverse oblong morphologies were also associated with intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks(70%,31%,and 35%,respectively,all P<0.05).Conclusions:We describe a novel descriptive system for the morphology of pituitary tumors that can be determined from preoperative imaging.Different tumor morphologic groups are associated with varying degrees of gross tumor resection,complications,and surgical difficulty.Utilizing pituitary tumor morphology may aid surgeons in planning the extent of resection,need for complex closure,and patient counseling.
基金This study was partially supported by the Industrial Innovation Center(IIC),Atyab Food Tech LLC and Sultan Qaboos University–College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences Dean’s Seed Grant.
文摘 The time domain approach, i.e. Autoregressive (AR) processes, of time series analysis is applied to the monsoon rainfall series of India and its two major regions, viz. North-West India and Central India. Since the original time series shows no modelable structure due to the presence of high interannual variability, a 3-point running filter is applied before exploring and fitting appropriate stochastic models. Out of several parsimonious models fitted, AR(3) is found to be most suitable. The usefulness of this fitted model is validted on an independent datum of 18 years and some skill has been noted. These models therefore can be used for low skill higher lead time forecasts of monsoon. Further the forecasts produced through such models can be combined with other forecasts to increase the skill of monsoon forecasts.
文摘Background:In Zimbabwe,26.2 percent of children under five are stunted.Evidence has shown that multi-sector interventions are key to addressing stunting.Yet,practical implementation is difficult,often occurring through separate disjointed and uncoordinated sector actions with limited access to real time information for decision-making.Objective:To describe the design,implementation,successes,challenges and lessons learned from using a near-real time monitoring(NRTM)system as a monitoring tool for multi-sectoral community based model for stunting reduction in Zimbabwe.Methods:An open source technology was used to obtain the information needed on the multi-sectoral coordination process,provide a common platform to capture and present data on situational factors,community conditions and practices to be acted upon and thus contribute to reducing stunting.Results:Significant improvements in community data flows were noted;the system brought together several types of data,concepts,stakeholders and multi-sector energies into focused programming.Several challenges including conceptual issues,initial coordination,financial resources and missed partnership opportunities were documented.The introduction of the NRTM system resulted in improved data flows for programme monitoring and facilitated multi-sector collaboration.Conclusion:NRTM is an effective monitoring tool for the multi-sectoral community based model to reduce stunting in Zimbabwe.
基金supported by the National Cancer Institute grant R01 CA225716(to S.V.S.).
文摘Aim:Leelamine(LLM)inhibits the growth of human prostate cancer cells but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood.The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of LLM on cMyc,which is overexpressed in a subset of human prostate cancers.Methods:The effect of LLM on cMyc expression and activity was determined by western blotting/confocal microscopy and luciferase reporter assay,respectively.A transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer(Hi-Myc)was used to determine the chemopreventive efficacy of LLM.Results:Exposure of androgen-sensitive(LNCaP)and castration-resistant(22Rv1)human prostate cancer cells to LLM resulted in downregulation of protein and mRNA levels of cMyc.Overexpression of cMyc partially attenuated LLM-mediated inhibition of colony formation,cell viability,and cell migration in 22Rv1 and/or PC-3 cells.LLM treatment decreased protein levels of cMyc targets(e.g.,lactate dehydrogenase),however,overexpression of cMyc did not attenuate these effects.A trend for a decrease in the expression level of cMyc protein was discernible in 22Rv1 xenografts from LLM-treated mice compared with control mice.LLM treatment(10 mg/kg body weight,5 times/week)was well-tolerated by Hi-Myc transgenic mice.The incidence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia,adenocarcinoma in situ,and microinvasion were lower in LLM-treated Hi-Myc mice but the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion:The present study reveals that LLM inhibits cMyc expression in human prostate cancer cells in vitro but concentrations higher than 10 mg/kg may be required to achieve chemoprevention of prostate cancer.
文摘In the present work, 6082 Al alloy has been rolled to 40% and 70% thickness reductions at the cryogenic and room temperatures for the improvement in mechanical and fracture toughness properties. All cryorolled samples are subjected to aging at different temperatures, i.e., 140, 160, and 190 ℃ to improve the strength, ductility, and fracture toughness. The microstructures of the cryorolled （CR） and room temperature rolled （RTR） alloy after 40% and 70% thickness reductions are characterized by FE-SEM to reveal the modes of failure. The results show that the starting bulk Al alloy specimen is fractured in total ductile manner, consisting of well-developed dimples over the entire surface. The mechanical properties and fracture toughness of the 70% CR alloy are found better than 70% RTR alloy due to higher dislocations density and formation of sub-grain structures in the CR alloy.
文摘here are limitations in using the seasonal rainfall total in studies of Monsoon rainfall climatology. A correlation analysis of the individual station seasonal rainfall with all India seasonal mean rainfall has been made. After taking the significance test (strictly up to 5% level) the stations which are significantly correlated have been considered in this study in normal, flood and drought years respectively. Analysis of seasonal rainfall data of 50 stations spread over a period of 41 years suggests that a linear relationship fits better than the logarithmic relationship when seasonal rainfall versus number of rainy days is studied. The linear relationship is also found to be better in the case of seasonal rainfall versus mean daily intensity.
文摘The system of rice intensification （SRI） is reported to have advantages like lower seed requirement,less pest attack,shorter crop duration,higher water use efficiency and the ability to withstand higher degree of moisture stress than traditional method of rice cultivation.With this background,SRI was compared with traditional transplanting technique at Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi,India during two wet seasons （2009-2011）.In the experiment laid out in a factorial randomized block design,two methods of rice cultivation [conventional transplanting （CT） and SRI] and two rice varieties （Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa 44） were used under seven crop nutrition treatments,viz.T 1,120 kg/hm2 N,26.2 kg/hm2 P and 33 kg/hm2 K;T 2,20 t/hm2 farmyard manure （FYM）;T 3,10 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N;T 4,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 90 kg/hm2 N;T 5,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N＋ 1.5 kg/hm2 blue green algae （BGA）;T 6,5 t/hm2 FYM＋ 60 kg/hm2 N＋ 1.0 t/hm2 Azolla,and T 7,N 0 P 0 K 0 （control,no NPK application） to study the effect on seed quality,yield and water use.In SRI,soil was kept at saturated moisture condition throughout vegetative phase and thin layer of water （2-3 cm） was maintained during the reproductive phase of rice,however,in CT,standing water was maintained in crop growing season.Results revealed that CT and SRI gave statistically at par grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in CT as compared to SRI.Seed quality was superior in SRI as compared to CT.Integrated nutrient management （INM） resulted in higher plant height with longer leaves than chemical fertilizer alone in both the rice varieties.Grain yield attributes such as number of effective tillers per hill,panicle length and panicle weight of rice in both the varieties were significantly higher in INM as compared to chemical fertilizer alone.Grain yields of both the varieties were the highest in INM followed by the recommended doses of chemical fertilizer.The grain yield and its attributes of Pusa 44 were significantly
文摘In this work,element free Galerkin method(EFGM)has been used to obtain the solution of edge crack problem under mechanical loads as it provides a versatile technique to model static as well as moving crack problems without any requirement of remeshing.At first,some techniques are presented for enriching the EFG approximations near the crack tip such as extrinsic and intrinsic enrichment.Extrinsic enrichment involves the addition of solution form to the trial function,whereas the EFG basis is expanded to include few terms from crack tip solution in intrinsic enrichment.Apart from enrichment techniques,four basic techniques of smoothing meshless approximations near nonconvex boundaries are also presented such as diffraction,transparency,see through and wedge model.These techniques are then used for the parameteric analysis of an edge crack problem under mode-1 loading and results obtained using different approaches are compared with each other as well as with exact solution.Among these techniques,the extrinsic PU enrichment technique was found to be more accurate as compared to other approaches.Extrinsic PU enrichment technique has also been used for the analysis of a shear edge crack problem.In all these techniques,the value of mode-1 stress intensity factor and mode-2 stress intensity factor has been evaluated by interaction integral approach.Effect of crack orientation is also studied for different cases.
基金BRNS,Bombay for their financial grant to this work (No.BRN-577-MMD)
文摘The texture and mechanical properties of cross-rolled zircaloy-2 at 77 and 300 K were investigated.Crossrolling at 77 K was performed to impart different thickness reductions of 25% and 50%,while at 300 K with 25%,50%,75% and 85% reductions to the sample.EBSD analysis of deformed sample showed that near-basal orientation is not deformed completely after 50% rolling reduction.The activation of prismatic silp,{1122} contraction twin and {1012} extension twin were evident from the deformed microstructure at 77 K.The propensity for activation of basal slip〈a〉 at77 K was also observed.The deformation of the sample at 300 K occurs by prismatic,basal 〈a〉 and pyramidal 〈c＋a〉slips,which were predicted by pole figures.After annealing,the tensile strengths（735 and 710 MPa） are almost the same for 50% cryo-cross-rolled and room-temperature cross-rolled zircaloy-2 with almost 2.7% difference in their ductility.KAM analysis of the deformed samples was made to estimate the stored strain energy and dislocation density.Annealing of deformed sample at 673 K for 30 min results in recrystallization,which leads to the formation of ultrafine grains.
