目的这份更新版指南旨在为未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的管理提供全面的循证建议。方法写作组采用系统文献回顾（1977年1月至2014年6月），参考同期已发表的循证指南、个人文件和专家意见来总结现有的证据，指出现有知识的差距；如果合适，则...目的这份更新版指南旨在为未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的管理提供全面的循证建议。方法写作组采用系统文献回顾（1977年1月至2014年6月），参考同期已发表的循证指南、个人文件和专家意见来总结现有的证据，指出现有知识的差距；如果合适，则根据美国心脏协会（ American Heart Association, AHA）标准做出推荐。本指南经过了包括卒中委员会领导层以及AHA科学声明监督委员会在内的广泛同行评议，然后由AHA科学咨询和协调委员会审批通过。结果本指南对未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的医疗诊治提出了循证建议，涉及临床表现、自然史、流行病学、危险因素、筛查、诊断、影像学以及手术和血管内治疗的转归。展开更多
Human gut microbiota play an essential role in both healthy and diseased states of humans. In the past decade, the interactions between microorganisms and tumors have attracted much attention in the efforts to underst...Human gut microbiota play an essential role in both healthy and diseased states of humans. In the past decade, the interactions between microorganisms and tumors have attracted much attention in the efforts to understand various features of the complex microbial communities, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the microbiota are involved in cancer prevention, carcinogenesis, and anti-cancer therapy. A large number of studies have indicated that microbial dysbiosis contributes to cancer susceptibility via multiple pathways. Further studies have suggested that the microbiota and their associated metabolites are not only closely related to carcinogenesis by inducing inflammation and immune dysregulation, which lead to genetic instability, but also inter- fere with the pharmacodynamics of anticancer agents. In this article, we mainly reviewed the influ- ence of gut microbiota on cancers in the gastrointestinal （GI） tract （including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers） and the regulation of microbiota by diet, prebiotics, pro- biotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, or the Traditional Chinese Medicine. We also proposed some new strategies in the prevention and treatment of GI cancers that could be explored in the future. We hope that this review could provide a comprehensive overview of the studies on the interactions between the gut microbiota and GI cancers, which are likely to yield translational opportunities to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality by improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.展开更多
In the early 1980s, evidence that crustal rocks had reached temperatures 〉1000 ℃ at normal lower crustal pressures while others had followed low thermal gradients to record pressures characteristic of mantle conditi...In the early 1980s, evidence that crustal rocks had reached temperatures 〉1000 ℃ at normal lower crustal pressures while others had followed low thermal gradients to record pressures characteristic of mantle conditions began to appear in the literature, and the importance of melting in the tectonic evolution of orogens and metamorphic-metasomatic reworking of the lithospheric mantle was realized. In parallel, new developments in instrumentation, the expansion of in situ analysis of geological ma- terials and increases in computing power opened up new fields of investigation. The robust quantifi- cation of pressure （P）, temperature （T） and time （t） that followed these advances has provided reliable data to benchmark geodynamic models and to investigate secular change in the thermal state of the lithosphere as registered by metamorphism through time. As a result, the last 30 years have seen sig- nificant progress in our understanding of lithospheric evolution, particularly as it relates to Precambrian geodynamics.展开更多
文摘目的这份更新版指南旨在为未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的管理提供全面的循证建议。方法写作组采用系统文献回顾（1977年1月至2014年6月），参考同期已发表的循证指南、个人文件和专家意见来总结现有的证据，指出现有知识的差距；如果合适，则根据美国心脏协会（ American Heart Association, AHA）标准做出推荐。本指南经过了包括卒中委员会领导层以及AHA科学声明监督委员会在内的广泛同行评议，然后由AHA科学咨询和协调委员会审批通过。结果本指南对未破裂颅内动脉瘤患者的医疗诊治提出了循证建议，涉及临床表现、自然史、流行病学、危险因素、筛查、诊断、影像学以及手术和血管内治疗的转归。
基金supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH Grant No. CA190122)+3 种基金Department of Defense (Do D Award No. W81XWH-16-1-0151) of the United States awarded to QTsupported by Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS Grant No. 2016-12M-1-001) awarded to CB
文摘Human gut microbiota play an essential role in both healthy and diseased states of humans. In the past decade, the interactions between microorganisms and tumors have attracted much attention in the efforts to understand various features of the complex microbial communities, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the microbiota are involved in cancer prevention, carcinogenesis, and anti-cancer therapy. A large number of studies have indicated that microbial dysbiosis contributes to cancer susceptibility via multiple pathways. Further studies have suggested that the microbiota and their associated metabolites are not only closely related to carcinogenesis by inducing inflammation and immune dysregulation, which lead to genetic instability, but also inter- fere with the pharmacodynamics of anticancer agents. In this article, we mainly reviewed the influ- ence of gut microbiota on cancers in the gastrointestinal （GI） tract （including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers） and the regulation of microbiota by diet, prebiotics, pro- biotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, or the Traditional Chinese Medicine. We also proposed some new strategies in the prevention and treatment of GI cancers that could be explored in the future. We hope that this review could provide a comprehensive overview of the studies on the interactions between the gut microbiota and GI cancers, which are likely to yield translational opportunities to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality by improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program of China （973 Program） （2009CB320600）, National Natural Science Foundation of China （60828007, 60534010, 60821063）, the Leverhulme Trust （F/00. 120/BC） in the United Kingdom, and the 111 Project （B08015）
基金support from the International Precambrian Research Centre of China
文摘In the early 1980s, evidence that crustal rocks had reached temperatures 〉1000 ℃ at normal lower crustal pressures while others had followed low thermal gradients to record pressures characteristic of mantle conditions began to appear in the literature, and the importance of melting in the tectonic evolution of orogens and metamorphic-metasomatic reworking of the lithospheric mantle was realized. In parallel, new developments in instrumentation, the expansion of in situ analysis of geological ma- terials and increases in computing power opened up new fields of investigation. The robust quantifi- cation of pressure （P）, temperature （T） and time （t） that followed these advances has provided reliable data to benchmark geodynamic models and to investigate secular change in the thermal state of the lithosphere as registered by metamorphism through time. As a result, the last 30 years have seen sig- nificant progress in our understanding of lithospheric evolution, particularly as it relates to Precambrian geodynamics.
