Mixed farming of rice and millet is one of the basic agricultural modes in the upper and middle Huai River Valley(HRV). According to the latest data, this agricultural mode appeared during the middle and late Peiligan...Mixed farming of rice and millet is one of the basic agricultural modes in the upper and middle Huai River Valley(HRV). According to the latest data, this agricultural mode appeared during the middle and late Peiligang Culture(7.8–7.0 ka BP) in the upper HRV, and then became a common subsistence economy in the end of the Neolithic(5.0–4.0 ka BP) in both the upper and middle HRV. However, it is still not clear how this mixed farming developed in the upper HRV after its occurrence, nor are the regional differences in the development of mixed farming between the upper and middle HRV during the Neolithic completely understood. In this paper, flotation and starch analyses were conducted on samples from eight archaeological sites in the upper and middle HRV. The results indicate that the mixed farming of rice and millet first appeared in the later phase of the middle Neolithic in the regions of the Peiligang Culture, then developed quite rapidly in the late Neolithic(6.8–5.0 ka BP), finally becoming the main subsistence economy at the end of the Neolithic in the upper HRV. However, there are obvious differences in the emergence and development of agriculture between the middle and upper HRV. Rice farming was the only agricultural system during the middle Neolithic, lasting until the end of the Neolithic, when mixed farming appeared in the middle HRV. Furthermore, although mixed farming appeared in both the upper and middle HRV during the end of the Neolithic, the roles of rice, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet in the subsistence economy were not the same. In general, millet was more widely cultivated than rice in the upper HRV, but rice occupied the same or a slightly more prominent position in the middle HRV at the end of the Neolithic. These results are significant for understanding the process of agricultural development and transformation, as well as human adaptation to climatic and cultural variability duringthe Neolithic.展开更多
黄淮西部地处我国南北方不同新石器文化与农业类型的过渡地带,由于缺乏相关植物考古资料,目前学术界对于该地区仰韶文化早中期的农业结构及其演变过程尚不甚清楚。本文对河南省长葛市石固遗址和项城市贾庄遗址仰韶文化地层和灰坑土样进...黄淮西部地处我国南北方不同新石器文化与农业类型的过渡地带,由于缺乏相关植物考古资料,目前学术界对于该地区仰韶文化早中期的农业结构及其演变过程尚不甚清楚。本文对河南省长葛市石固遗址和项城市贾庄遗址仰韶文化地层和灰坑土样进行了植硅体分析。结果显示,黄淮西北部的石固遗址仰韶文化早、中、晚三期(6398–5326 cal BP)样品中均存在丰富的黍(Panicum miliaceum)稃壳植硅体,同时兼有水稻(Oryza sativa)特征型植硅体以及粟(Setaria italica)稃壳植硅体。位于黄淮西南部的贾庄遗址仰韶文化早中期(6179–5745 cal BP)样品中同样发现较多黍稃壳植硅体以及粟稃壳及少量水稻的特征型植硅体。上述结果表明,黄淮西部在仰韶文化早期时已形成统一的以黍、粟为主的稻旱兼作农业模式,其中黄淮西北部延续了该地区裴李岗文化阶段以旱作为主的稻旱兼作的农业传统,而黄淮西南部则从贾湖文化时的单一稻作农业发展为稻旱兼作农业,且这一转变发生的时间不晚于距今6200年。此外,在6000 a BP前后,石固遗址农作物结构曾发生明显变化,表现为旱地作物黍、粟的比重显著上升。最后,两处遗址中发现的水稻植硅体均以水稻颖壳的双峰型植硅体为主,表明黄淮西部仰韶文化时水稻的收割方式应是以割穗为主。本研究为了解黄淮西部仰韶早中期农业结构及其演变过程以及农作物的收割方式等提供了新的资料。展开更多
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA05130503)National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2015CB953802)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41472148 & 41502164)the Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of the Ministry of Education (Grant No. 15YJA780003)
文摘Mixed farming of rice and millet is one of the basic agricultural modes in the upper and middle Huai River Valley(HRV). According to the latest data, this agricultural mode appeared during the middle and late Peiligang Culture(7.8–7.0 ka BP) in the upper HRV, and then became a common subsistence economy in the end of the Neolithic(5.0–4.0 ka BP) in both the upper and middle HRV. However, it is still not clear how this mixed farming developed in the upper HRV after its occurrence, nor are the regional differences in the development of mixed farming between the upper and middle HRV during the Neolithic completely understood. In this paper, flotation and starch analyses were conducted on samples from eight archaeological sites in the upper and middle HRV. The results indicate that the mixed farming of rice and millet first appeared in the later phase of the middle Neolithic in the regions of the Peiligang Culture, then developed quite rapidly in the late Neolithic(6.8–5.0 ka BP), finally becoming the main subsistence economy at the end of the Neolithic in the upper HRV. However, there are obvious differences in the emergence and development of agriculture between the middle and upper HRV. Rice farming was the only agricultural system during the middle Neolithic, lasting until the end of the Neolithic, when mixed farming appeared in the middle HRV. Furthermore, although mixed farming appeared in both the upper and middle HRV during the end of the Neolithic, the roles of rice, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet in the subsistence economy were not the same. In general, millet was more widely cultivated than rice in the upper HRV, but rice occupied the same or a slightly more prominent position in the middle HRV at the end of the Neolithic. These results are significant for understanding the process of agricultural development and transformation, as well as human adaptation to climatic and cultural variability duringthe Neolithic.
文摘黄淮西部地处我国南北方不同新石器文化与农业类型的过渡地带,由于缺乏相关植物考古资料,目前学术界对于该地区仰韶文化早中期的农业结构及其演变过程尚不甚清楚。本文对河南省长葛市石固遗址和项城市贾庄遗址仰韶文化地层和灰坑土样进行了植硅体分析。结果显示,黄淮西北部的石固遗址仰韶文化早、中、晚三期(6398–5326 cal BP)样品中均存在丰富的黍(Panicum miliaceum)稃壳植硅体,同时兼有水稻(Oryza sativa)特征型植硅体以及粟(Setaria italica)稃壳植硅体。位于黄淮西南部的贾庄遗址仰韶文化早中期(6179–5745 cal BP)样品中同样发现较多黍稃壳植硅体以及粟稃壳及少量水稻的特征型植硅体。上述结果表明,黄淮西部在仰韶文化早期时已形成统一的以黍、粟为主的稻旱兼作农业模式,其中黄淮西北部延续了该地区裴李岗文化阶段以旱作为主的稻旱兼作的农业传统,而黄淮西南部则从贾湖文化时的单一稻作农业发展为稻旱兼作农业,且这一转变发生的时间不晚于距今6200年。此外,在6000 a BP前后,石固遗址农作物结构曾发生明显变化,表现为旱地作物黍、粟的比重显著上升。最后,两处遗址中发现的水稻植硅体均以水稻颖壳的双峰型植硅体为主,表明黄淮西部仰韶文化时水稻的收割方式应是以割穗为主。本研究为了解黄淮西部仰韶早中期农业结构及其演变过程以及农作物的收割方式等提供了新的资料。
