摘要
【目的】针对水资源短缺严重制约干旱绿洲灌区作物生产,传统翻耕产量不稳定及水分利用效率低下等问题,研究不同秸秆还田方式下春小麦农田土壤水分利用特征,旨在优化耕作措施,提高干旱内陆灌区农田的水分利用率。【方法】2014—2016年,在河西绿洲灌区,通过田间定位试验,研究不同秸秆还田方式(少耕,25—30 cm秸秆高留茬立茬还田(NTSS);少耕,25—30 cm秸秆高留茬覆盖还田(NTS);翻耕,25—30 cm秸秆高留茬还田(TS);传统翻耕,无秸秆还田(CT))对春小麦田水分利用的时间动态、耗水结构以及利用效率的影响,以期为优化试区春小麦高产高效栽培管理技术提供理论依据。【结果】少耕秸秆还田可降低春小麦田耗水量,与CT相比,NTSS、NTS分别降低3.1%—7.8%与3.7%—7.7%;NTSS、NTS通过减少春小麦生育前期(灌浆期之前)的耗水,增大生育后期(灌浆初期至成熟期)的耗水量,有效协调春小麦前后生育时期需水矛盾,相比NTSS,NTS处理的调控效应更突出。少耕秸秆还田具有抑制土壤蒸发,减小棵间蒸发占总耗水量(E/ET)的比重,提高水分利用有效性的作用,NTSS、NTS较CT棵间蒸发量分别降低9.3%—17.4%、10.8%—23.3%,较TS分别降低4.0%—5.8%与5.6%—11.4%,以NTS降低棵间蒸发量幅度较大,因而NTS较CT处理E/ET降低6.9%—21.3%。秸秆还田具有增产优势,与CT相比,NTSS、NTS、TS分别增产16.6%—24.9%、18.6%—27.3%、10.2%—18.7%,3个秸秆还田处理中,NTSS、NTS较TS分别增产5.2%—5.9%、7.2%—9.5%。因而,秸秆还田处理具体较高的水分利用效率,NTSS、NTS、TS较CT处理水分利用效率分别提高21.1%—28.3%、26.6%—30.6%、13.1%—20.3%,以NTSS、NTS提高比较大,比TS分别提高6.7%—11.9%、8.6%—13.7%。【结论】在水资源短缺的河西绿洲灌区,集成应用少耕与25—30 cm秸秆立茬及覆盖还田技术是实现春小麦高产、稳产、灌溉水高效利用的理想耕作措施。
【Objective】In oasis irrigated agricultural region, water resources scarcity is one of the most prominent constraints for crop production, which also leads to the unstable yield and the lower water use efficiency of crop production with conventional tillage. In this study, the characteristics of soil water utilization in spring wheat field with different straw retention approaches were investigated in the areas, so as to optimize the farming practices and to improve the water use efficiency. 【Method】A field experiment was carried out in a typical oasis irrigation region, Wuwei, Gansu Province, from 2014 to 2016, to determine the effects of treatments of straw retention patterns on soil water utilization of spring wheat field. The treatments included reduced tillage with25 to 30 cm high straw standing(NTSS), reduced tillage with 25 to 30 cm high straw covering(NTS), conventional tillage with 25 to 30 cm high straw incorporation(TS), and conventional tillage without straw retention(CT, the control). 【Result】Reduced tillage with straw retention could decrease evapotranspiration of spring wheat field, furthermore NTSS and NTS treatments decreased evapotranspiration by 3.1% to 7.8%, 3.7% to 7.7%, compared to CT treatment, respectively. NTSS and NTS treatments decreased evapotranspiration of wheat before early-filling stage but increased it afterwards, so this created a more optimal balance between early-and late-stage water demand of spring wheat. NTSS and NTS treatments could enhance the effectiveness of water by inhibiting soil evaporation and reducing the proportion of evaporation to evapotranspiration(E/ET) for the spring wheat field. NTSS and NTS treatments reduced soil evaporation by 9.3% to 17.4% and 10.8% to 23.3% over CT treatment, and reduced by 4.0% to 5.8% and5.6% to 11.4% over TS treatment, respectively. Among the two reduced tillage with straw retention treatments, NTS had the best effect on inhibiting soil evaporation, thus this treatment reduced E/ET by 6.9% to 21.3%. The grain yield of NTSS
作者
殷文
柴强
胡发龙
樊志龙
范虹
于爱忠
赵财
YIN Wen;CHAI Qiang;HU FaLong;FAN ZhiLong;FAN Hong;YU AiZhong;ZHAO Cai(College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University/Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science,Lanzhou 730070)
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2019年第7期1247-1259,共13页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503125-3)
甘肃农业大学人才专项经费(2017RCZX-02)
关键词
秸秆还田
耕作措施
耗水特性
产量
水分利用效率
春小麦
straw retention
tillage practice
water consumption characteristics
yield
water use efficiency
spring wheat
