摘要
本文通過對比不同語言的名詞短語,從指稱的基本語義、語用和話題三個方面來探討古漢語名詞化標記'之、者、所'語法功能的異同。含有三者中任何一個名詞化標記的短語都可用在句中論元的位置上。名詞化標記'之'基本語法意義爲領屬/定語標記,世界語言中含領屬/定語標記的名詞短語,具體指稱語義(有定/有指/泛指等)多因上下文語境而定,古漢語之字名詞短語屬此類。古漢語的名詞化標記'所'和'者'基本語義分别爲賓格泛指代詞和主格泛指代詞,還有多指類(set)不指實(entity)的特點,在語用的層次,可爲引入之前話語中不存在的新話語參與者塑造背景,起承上啓下的語用連貫作用。除此以外,者字名詞短語在不同語境還有定指、泛指和引入重要話題等功能,表示作者/説話人對某話題在某特定話語片段中重要性的態度和信念。二者相比之下,所字短語的話題重要性較低,多泛指一個限制背景集。者字短語所指可以不僅僅是之前語境中一個不存在的限制集,而且还可以表示一個假設(如狀語)或重要話題,語法性質爲三者之最。中古表示重要話題的'有一'構式出現后,'者'在近代漢語白話中逐漸消失。簡而言之,作爲含名詞化標記'之'和'者'的名詞短語,指稱特點都没有内在的必然性,要視上下文而定,這也就可能是二者在中古以後出現類同的重要基礎。
This is a study of the similarities and differences between three Old Chinese nominalizers,之zhi,者zhe,and所suo,with respect to their basic referential meanings,pragmatic functions,and thematic importance.The basic functions of the NPs with zhi in Old Chinese are to signal genitive or nominal modification.Their referential properties(such as definite,referential,non-referential,etc.),resembling the NPs of this kind in other languages in the world,are mostly contextually determined.The basic functions of suo and zhe are to signal a non-referential objective or subjective pronominal respectively,as well as referring to kind/set information rather than a specific entity.Pragmatically speaking,they both function to introduce into discourse background information or participants nonexistent in the preceded context for the sake of coherence.However,unlike suo NPs,NPs with zhe can be definite,referential,non-referential or thematically important participants,correlating to the attitude and belief of a certain entity’s importance that a speaker/writer believes in a given discourse.in comparison,suo marks NPs with lower discourse importance,typically representing a non-referential,yet restrictive,background set.On the other hand,zhe not only marks a restrictive set that is non-existent in the preceded discourse but also an adverbial condition or important topic as a most grammatical marker among the three under investigation.After the emergence of the existential construction with有一you yi construction in Middle Chinese,the Old Chinese zhe gradually became out of use.In short,the referential properties of NPs with both zhi and zhe are typically not inherently but contextually determined.
关键词
古漢語的名词化
指稱
語用
話題
Old Chinese nominalization
referentiality
pragmatics
thematicity
