圈地运动与土地确权——英国16世纪农业变革的实证考察被引量：14

Enclosure Movement and Establishment of Land Ownership:An Empirical Study of Agrarian Innovation in England in the 16th Century

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摘要 16世纪的英国圈地运动,是历史上第一次具有市场指向的土地确权运动,是把具有共同体性质的混合土地所有制界定为排他性的明晰产权,从而激励经济效率,颠覆中世纪的基础。经过数个世纪的物质积累、权利积累和观念积累,社会深层结构发生了相当深刻的变化,其中土地市场化和农民的社会化是基础性的变量参数,圈地即是这种变化的历史性总结。'大农-乡绅阶层'作为农业资本主义载体,是圈地运动最能动、最重要的推动力量。领主圈地的通常方式是契约圈地、法庭圈地以及协议圈地,以合法圈地为主。领主非法暴力圈地确实存在,是赤裸裸的掠夺,暴露了早期资本的失范与贪婪;领主暴力非法圈地受到佃农土地权利的抵抗,佃农的抵抗具有一定合法性和有效性;但这种'暴力圈地所占比例很小'。16世纪中叶以后协议圈地越来越多,土地确权从来没有抛弃法律而是越来越规范,18世纪发展为'议会圈地'则属水到渠成。从基本层面上讲,圈地不是践踏土地权利,恰恰是明晰和确定土地权利。圈地规模有限,圈地中心地区的圈地比例大概在20~25%左右。总之,圈地运动的影响至为深远,是个老话题也是基础性话题,有必要给予新的关注。 The enclosure movement of England in the 16 th century was the first market-oriented land ownership establishment movement in history.It defined mixed land ownership with community nature as exclusive private property rights,thus stimulating economic efficiency.After centuries of accumulation of material,rights and ideas,the deep structure of society had undergone quite profound changes,among which land marketization and farmer socialization were the basic variable parameters,and enclosure was a historical summary of such changes.As the carrier of agricultural capitalism,the'large peasant-gentry class'was the most dynamic and important driving force of the enclosure movement.The common way for the lords’enclosure was by contract,by court and by agreement,which was mainly legal enclosure.The illegal and violent enclosure of the lords did exist,which was a naked plunder and exposed the anomy and greed of the early capital;the violent and illegal enclosure of the lords was resisted by the tenant’s land rights,and the tenant’s resistance had certain legitimacy and effectiveness.However,the'percentage of violent enclosure is very small'.After the mid-16 th century,more and more land was enclosed by agreement,indicating that the establishment of land ownership was on the track of rule of law,and the development of'parliamentary enclosure'in the 18 th century was a matter of course.At a basic level,enclosure was not trampling on land ownership,but rather clarifying and defining land ownership.In short,the impact of the enclosure movement is so far-reaching and it is necessary to give new attention to the enclosure movement.

作者侯建新 Hou Jianxin

机构地区天津师范大学欧洲文明研究院

出处《史学月刊》 CSSCI 北大核心 2019年第10期5-46,共42页 Journal of Historical Science

关键词圈地运动大农-乡绅阶层契约圈地法庭圈地协议圈地暴力非法圈地 the enclosure movement the class of farmer and gentry enclosure by contract enclosure by court enclosure by agreement enclosure by compulsory

分类号 F356.1 [经济管理—产业经济]