摘要
在我国,民法调整对象理论是历史与特殊国情的产物。'平等主体关系说'是在公、私法区分这一基础上提出的,这一立法表达对我国民事立法具有重要意义,宜在民法典总则中予以保留。就民法调整对象的具体范围而言:第一,因为人格乃人之一般法律地位,自然人之人格由宪法规定而非由民法规定,故而人格法律关系非为民法的调整对象;第二,国家并不是民事主体,国家因其直接支配财产而发生的财产关系不属于民法的调整对象;第三,农村集体所有权长期以来与农村集体所有制相对应,造成农村集体所有权虚置,应将两者相分离,并将农村集体所有权设计为一种特殊的共有权,随着社会发展,城镇集体所有权将不复存在;第四,因为非法人团体不是权利义务的实际承担者,只具有形式上的主体资格,所以非法人团体并不包括在平等主体的范围内。在参照主要大陆法系国家和地区的立法例,并比较各草案的优劣基础之上,认为我国民法调整对象的立法表达应为:中华人民共和国民法调整民事主体之间的财产关系和基于婚姻、亲属产生的身份关系。
In China,the theory of civil law object was a product of history and special realities of the country.The theory of relationship between subjects with equal status based on distinction between public law and private law,this legal expression be of great significance to civil legislation in China.Thus,it should be retain in general part of civil code.Some conclusion can be reached in term of scope of civil law object.The first,because personality is the general legal status vested to a nature person by constitution.The personality is on the ground of constitution rather than the civil law,so personality legal relation is not the object of civil law.The second,essentially,the country is not a subject of civil,and the property relationship due to country direct disposal of its property not belongs to civil law object.The third,historically,rural collective proprietary right is impracticable because rural collective proprietary right must corresponds to rural collective ownership.It should separate each other to construct a special right of common.With the development of society,Urban collective ownership will be no longer exists.The fourth,The unincorporated body just a type of subject in form but not the actual holders of rights and obligations,so unincorporated body can not be considered as a type of equal subject in civil law.On the reference of instance of legislation of main civil law countries and region and the compare of each draft civil code of China compiled by scholars,legal expression of civil law object of China should be:The Civil Law of the P.R.C.shall adjust property relationships and personal relationships which based on marriage and kin between civil subjects,that is,between legal persons and between citizens and legal persons.
出处
《私法》
2010年第1期7-45,共39页
Private Law Review
关键词
民法调整对象
立法表达
人身关系
集体所有权
非法人团体
civil law object
legal expression
personal relationship
collective ownership
unincorporated body
