摘要
细胞外囊泡(EVs)是细胞分泌的纳米级小囊泡,在细胞间通讯中发挥重要作用。它们通过配体-受体结合、内吞作用、膜融合的方式被靶细胞摄取,从而执行生物学功能。在疾病诊断方面,EVs的组分可作为疾病诊断中的生物标志物,能够揭示其起源细胞的病理变化。在疾病治疗方面,EVs具有靶向递送的潜力,不仅可以作为疫苗开发的平台,还能被设计成药物递送系统,将药物直接运送到特定的细胞或组织。此外,EVs本身也可作为治疗剂用于自身免疫性疾病和癌症的治疗。本文总结EVs的生成过程和它们的摄取机制,同时探讨EVs在疾病诊断和治疗领域的最新研究进展。
Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells and play a pivotal role in intercellular communication.As crucial mediators in cell-to-cell signaling,EVs are instrumental in physiological and pathological processes.They serve not only as significant biomarkers in disease diagnosis but also hold promise as new drug and drug delivery system candidates due to their unique biological properties.The process begins with the cell membrane invagination to form a cup-like structure,selectively encapsulating surface proteins and soluble proteins to create early endosomes.Under the influence of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport(ESCRT),Rab-GTPase,and tetraspanins,these early endosomes evolve into late sorting endosomes,which form multivesicular bodies.Upon fusion with the plasma membrane,these bodies release EVs into the extracellular space.EVs are internalized by target cells through ligand-receptor interactions,endocytosis,and membrane fusion,thereby executing biological functions.Endocytosis is a common uptake mechanism for EVs,with various pathways including clathrin-dependent pathways,caveolae-mediated uptake,macropinocytosis,phagocytosis,and lipid raft-mediated internalization.Once inside the recipient cell,EVs interact with the endosomal system,fuse,and release their contents into the cytoplasm.The absorption and distribution of EVs in the body are influenced by factors such as their origin,targeting,administration method,size,and surface characteristics.Through engineering,EVs can be loaded with specific proteins or RNA to achieve targeted drug delivery to specific organs or cells.In terms of disease diagnosis,the components of EVs can serve as biomarkers,offering new avenues for early detection,progression monitoring,and therapeutic efficacy assessment.They carry RNA and protein molecules that can reveal pathological changes in their originating cells.In terms of disease treatment,EVs have the potential for targeted delivery,serving as platforms for vaccine development and as d
作者
黄宁宁
齐莉莉
王进波
王梦婷
吴玉琴
HUANG Ning-Ning;QI Li-Li;WANG Jin-Bo;WANG Meng-Ting;WU Yu-Qin(College of Life Sciences and Medicine,Zhejiang Sci-Tech University,Hangzhou 310018,China;School of Biological and Chemical Engineering,NingboTech University,Ningbo 315100,China;Lifestyle Medical Climic Zhejiang Xinhua Hospital,Hangzhou 310005,China)
出处
《生物化学与生物物理进展》
SCIE
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2024年第12期3136-3150,共15页
Progress In Biochemistry and Biophysics
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1300301)
宁波市重大科技攻关暨“揭榜挂帅”项目(2021Z112、2018B10095)
宁波市科技特派员项目(2022S225)
宁波市自然科学基金(2023J270)资助。
关键词
细胞外囊泡
摄取机制
疾病诊断
疾病治疗
extracellular vesicles
uptake mechanisms
disease diagnosis
disease treatment
