摘要
我国刑事赔偿制度采取违法归责原则、无罪羁押赔偿原则,导致了合法刑事拘留不予赔偿、轻罪重判超期羁押不予赔偿、指定居所监视居住等未羁押措施不予赔偿等救济漏洞的出现,从而使得合法权益被侵害的受害人无法得到救济。根据危险责任理论,国家进行刑事追诉活动导致刑事冤案发生,无论是否违法,均应对受害人进行救济。与特别牺牲理论相比,危险责任理论的适用虽然会模糊刑事赔偿和刑事补偿的界限,导致合法行为造成的损害也被纳入刑事赔偿范围中,但其与我国现行《国家赔偿法》第2条的规定相符,可作为我国刑事赔偿的理论基础。为填补救济漏洞,无须制定单独的《刑事补偿法》,而应修改《国家赔偿法》,建立一体化的刑事赔偿制度,采用“外在统合,内在细分”的双层架构:在外部不应区分赔偿和补偿,而应先对受害人进行救济;在受害人取得救济后,刑事司法机关内部再区分赔偿与补偿,对违法行使公权力的刑事司法机关工作人员进行追偿。
The principle of liability for violation,and that of compensation for wrongful detention in China’s criminal compensation system have led to remedial gaps,such as non-compensation for lawful criminal detentions,no recompense for overdetention due to harsher-than-deserved sentences,and the lack of compensation for residential surveillance at designated locations or other non-detention measures.Consequently,victims whose legal rights have been infringed upon fail to receive redress.Drawing on the theory of danger liability,when state prosecution activities lead to the occurrence of criminal wrongful convictions,regardless of whether it is illegal or not,the state should offer relief to the victims.Compared with the theory of special sacrifice,although the application of the theory of dangerous liability might blur the line between criminal compensation and criminal relief,and the damage caused by lawful acts is also encompassed within the scope of criminal compensation,it is consistent with the provisions of Article 2 of China’s current State Compensation Law,thus serving as a theoretical foundation for our criminal compensation system.To address these remedial gaps,instead of drafting a separate Criminal Compensation Act,it is necessary to amend the State Compensation Law aiming to establish an integrated criminal compensation system.The system employs a dual-layer structure of“external integration and internal differentiation”:externally,it avoids differentiating between criminal compensation and no-fault criminal compensation,but should prioritize relief for victims;internally,following victim relief,criminal justice authorities differentiate between criminal compensation and no-fault criminal compensation,aiming to recover funds from public officers who illegally exercised their authority.
出处
《湖湘法学评论》
2024年第4期70-80,共11页
Huxiang Law Revie
关键词
刑事赔偿
刑事补偿
危险责任
无罪羁押赔偿原则
criminal compensation
no-fault criminal compensation
liability for dangers
the principle of compensation for unlawful detention
