摘要
It is widely recognized that civil engineering practice,including underground construction,is lagging the fast pace digital transformation taking place in many industries.The key reason for this revolution is the emergence and convergence of digital technologies that include machine learning,artificial intelligence(AI),blockchain,cloud/edge computing,Internet of Things,5G communication,automation,digital twin,and metaverse.In parallel,Industry 4.0 is now complemented by Industry 5.0 that advocates a shift from economic value to societal value(sustainability,well-being,etc.).This means a shift from enterprises benefiting shareholders(profits)to stakeholders(people).
