摘要
游记《苦行记》中存在着新人游客的浪漫凝视与资深旅行者的深度凝视两种景观观看方式。新人游客先入为主地将如画审美和浪漫主义影响下的主观幻想投射于观看,其眼中的暴力和暴富等景观是中心凝视边缘的他者化产物。资深旅行者则在深度体验西部边疆本土文化的基础上对景观进行现实主义书写,突出其中蕴含的地方文化价值。马克·吐温通过旅行者观景方式的嬗变批判了既有美国西部游记中对欧洲审美标准和文化身份的盲目崇拜,同时将美国本土文化记忆融入西部边疆景观的再现中,使之作为本土景观成为想象美国民族性的文学介体。
There are two ways of seeing the landscape in the travel book Roughing It,i.e.,the romantic gaze of the greenhorn tourist and the deep gaze of the veteran traveller.The former projected on the landscapes his subjunctive illusions influenced by the picturesque aesthetics and romanticism,as as result,the violent and upstart landscapes he saw are nothing but a marginalized other from the perspective of the east.On the contrary,the latter highlights the realism features of the landscape,having experienced the local culture of the western frontier in a profound way.In the light of the traveler's different ways of seeing the landscape,Mark Twain not only criticized the unquestioning worship of the European standard of aesthetics and cultural identity,but he also introduced the native cultural memories into the representation of the western frontier landscape,making this native landscape a literary medium which might enable the readers to imagine the American nationalism.
基金
国家社科基金项目“美国文学中的沙漠书写与国民教育研究”(18BWW080)的阶段性成果。
