摘要
我国《宪法》第49条第1款规定,母亲受国家的保护。有学者主张“母亲”的宪法内涵包括未婚母亲,这可能为未婚母亲向国家寻求自身权益保障提供直接的宪法依据;但该条款并未明确“母亲”的外延界限,又缺乏明显的基本权利特征,因此有必要进行宪法解释。母亲保护条款具有基本权利面向,“母亲”在制宪原意中是受制于“婚姻、家庭”的法律身份,并非单纯建基于生育事实。而以生育行为作为切入点,也能从婚姻权推导出“婚姻、家庭、母亲”之间的社会关联必然性。母亲保护入宪滥觞于《魏玛宪法》,自1936年《苏联宪法》起逐渐累积为社会主义国家的宪法传统,在我国宪法史上则由产妇保护演变而来,其历史脉络能为上述解释方案提供佐证。母亲保护主体限制的合理性还能由维护母亲在家庭秩序中的个体自由,以及平衡家庭稳定与婚姻自由等立宪目的予以证成。尽管未婚母亲难以诉诸我国宪法中的母亲保护条款,国家建立健全社会保障制度的积极义务与人权保障条款等解释路径仍可能在宪法框架内安顿未婚母亲权益。
Article 49,paragraph 1,of the PRC Constitution provides that mothers shall be protected by the state.Some scholars have argued that the constitutional meaning of“mothers”includes unmarried mothers,which may provide a direct constitutional basis for unmarried mothers to seek protection of their rights and interests from the state.However,this provision doesn’t clearly defi ne the constitutional meaning of“mothers”and lacks obvious features of fundamental rights,which necessitates a constitutional interpretation.The mother protection provision grants mothers with fundamental rights,and“mothers”were intended by the drafters of the constitution to be restricted by“marriages”and“families”,while not simply based on the fact of procreation.It is also possible to derive from marriage rights to the social correlation between“marriages”,“families”and“mothers”with procreation as the entry point.The mother protection provision was fi rst introduced into Weimar Constitution,and since the 1936 USSR Constitution,it has gradually developed into a constitutional tradition in socialist countries.In the history of China’s Constitution,the mother protection provision evolved from the maternity protection provision,and its historical background can support the above interpretation scheme.The reasonableness of the restriction of the applicable subject of the mother protection provision can also be justifi ed by the constitutional purposes of protecting the individual freedom of mothers in the family order and balancing family stability with the freedom of marriage.Although it is diffi cult for unmarried mothers to seek protection of their rights and interests from the state in accordance with the mother protection provision,the positive obligations of the state to establish a sound social security system and the human rights protection provision may be interpreted in such a way that the rights and interests of unmarried mothers can be protected by the PRC Constitution.
作者
宋泽
王理万
Song Ze;Wang Liwan
出处
《人权研究》
2024年第3期53-77,共25页
Chinese Journal of Human Rights
关键词
母亲保护
未婚母亲
立宪目的
主体限制
男女平等原则
mother protection
unmarried mothers
constitutional purposes
restricted subjectivity
the principle of equality between men and women
