摘要
谏诤是中国古代监察制度和决策制度中的重要环节,言官系统在面对不适宜的中央决策时,往往会采用谏诤输入的模式,以整纲肃纪、匡扶社稷和维护正统。谏诤输入的背后体现出中华民族独特的政治逻辑和文化底蕴。在政治系统理论、官僚自主理论和历史制度主义理论的基础上,以“变量偏离-自主行动-制度结构”为分析框架,对明朝万历年间“国本之争”中言官谏诤过程进行微观史料的分析研究,发现中国古代的言官谏诤行为是一个反复而渐进的政治过程,围绕政治系统的决策议题,言官系统、宰辅系统和皇帝系统之间展开了复杂的策略互动。其中“何时输入”取决于干扰刺激造成的“儒家礼法”和“君主正道”等基本变量之于临界范围的偏离程度,“如何输入”体现为“上疏”与“论救”的组织自主、“定义内容”“制造热度”“选择信息”的议题自主、将压力传导给特定政治主体的压力自主,“为何输入”则源于以“祖制”为核心的传统政策、御史及给事中等科道制度以及儒学塑造的谏诤文化观念而形成的制度结构。探讨古代监察系统在履行监督职能促进完善决策方面的运作逻辑,对当今纪检监察机关“促进完善发展”职能的行使具有一定的参考价值与启示作用。
Counseling is an important part of ancient China’s supervisory and decision-making systems.When faced with inappropriate central decisions,the official system often adopts the mode of advice input in order to rectify discipline,restore the country,and maintain orthodoxy.Advice input reflects the unique political logic and cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.On the basis of political system theory,bureaucratic autonomy theory,and historical institutionalism theory,an analytical framework of“variable deviation autonomous action institutional structure”was proposed to analyze the micro historical materials of the process of official admonition during the“national foundation dispute”during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty.Research has found that the admonition of officials in ancient China was a repeated and gradual political process,involving complex strategic interactions among decision-making organs of the advisory system,the ministry system and the royal system.The timing of input depends on the deviation of the system variables of“Confucian ritual and law”and“monarch’s righteous path”from the critical range caused by interference stimuli.The method of input is reflected in the organization autonomy of“advice to the royal court”and“salvation discussion”,the autonomy of defining content,creating heated topic,and selecting information,and the autonomy of transmitting pressure to specific political entities;The issue of the purpose of input stems from the traditional policy centered on“ancestral system”,the imperial censors and officials,and the institutional structure shaped by Confucianism’s admonitory cultural concepts.The exploration into the logic of the supervisory mechanism executing their supervisory power to perfect decision-making in ancient China is conducive to facilitating duty fulfillment for discipline inspection organs today.
作者
袁柏顺
郑朝阳
Yuan Baishun;Zheng Zhaoyang(Clean Governance Research Center,Hu’nan University,Changsha 410006,Hu’nan,China;Marxism School,Hu’nan University,Changsha 410006,Hu’nan,China)
出处
《廉政文化研究》
2024年第4期78-96,共19页
Anti-corruption and Integrity Culture Studies
基金
国家社会科学基金重大攻关项目(19ZDA134)。
关键词
谏诤
言官
官僚自主
制度结构
运作逻辑
supervisory advice
imperial advisory officials
bureaucratic autonomy
institution structure
operation logic
