摘要
挖掘1790—2022年美国专利与商标局(USPTO)专利的地理空间属性数据,引入复杂性科学、生命周期以及地理本性等理论,利用城市标度律、规模修正指标和地理探测器等方法,建立美国科技创新中心的效能指数,并探析其时空演化格局与驱动机理。主要结论为:①美国各城市尺度的创新标度律均发展为显著的超线性模式,即城市规模越大,人均创新产出越高,科技创新的规模递增效应显著;②基于规模修正的效能指数实现了对城市科技创新能力的跨规模比较,刻画了科技创新中心从酝酿、扩张、衰退到复苏的完整生命周期历程。研究期内,旧金山逐步超越纽约、波士顿和芝加哥等都会区,成为美国主要科技创新中心;③美国科技创新中心效能指数的空间分布呈现“北优南劣”的分异格局,城市化水平、国际化水平、社会经济发展等第二地理本性因素及城市多中心性对效能指数产生正向影响,而人口密度和气候、地形等第一地理本性因素与效能指数呈负相关关系。在路径锁定和循环累积因果效应的作用之下,美国科技创新中心效能呈“马太效应”,南北差距加剧。制定国家创新空间战略是建设世界科技强国的有益之举,启示中国可依托大城市和城市群建设科技创新中心,并提升国家和城市科技力量的多中心性。
Utilizing location data from USPTO patents spanning 1790 to 2022,this study incorporates theories from complexity science,lifecycle analysis,and geographical nature.It employs methods including urban scaling laws,scale-adjusted metropolitan indicators,and geographic detectors to construct a performance index for United States science and technology innovation(STI)centers,and analyze their spatiotemporal pattern evolution and driving mechanisms.The results reveal that:(1)Innovation scaling laws across cities have evolved into significant super-linear relationships,indicating that larger cities have higher per capita innovation outputs,thus demonstrating a pronounced scale-increasing effect of STI.(2)The performance index facilitates cross-scale comparisons of urban STI capabilities,illustrating the complete lifecycle of STI centers from incubation,expansion,decline,to revival.Throughout the study period,San Francisco CSA progressively surpassed New York CSA,Boston CSA,and Chicago CSA,becoming a leading STI center in the United States.(3)The spatial distribution of the performance index for US STI centers reveals a"north-superior,southinferior"pattern.Factors of second nature,such as urbanization,internationalization,and socioeconomic development,along with urban polycentricity,positively influence the performance index.In contrast,population density and first nature factors like climate and topography negatively correlate with the performance index.Under the influence of path dependence and cumulative causation,the performance of US STI centers exhibits a"Matthew effect",exacerbating the north-south divide.
作者
李祺祥
杜德斌
刘承良
侯纯光
于英杰
LI Qixiang;DU Debin;LIU Chengliang;HOU Chunguang;YU Yingjie(Institute for Global Innovation&Development,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200062,China;Center for World Geography and Geo-Strategic Studies,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200062,China;School of Geographic Sciences,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200241,China)
出处
《地理学报》
EI
CSCD
北大核心
2024年第8期2062-2082,共21页
Acta Geographica Sinica
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(19ZDA087)。
