摘要
庄子的“齐物论”既不是只强调共同性而否认差异性的同一论,也不是主张取消一切界限和标准的相对主义。在庄子看来,世俗所谓的价值和正当性,无不是基于某种特定立场或主观视角而产生的偏见。价值可以是多样的、不同的,人们的视角也应该是多元的和变化的,因而庄子主张摆脱特定的视角和偏见,批判和解构了世俗意义上的价值与正当。不过,这一具有批判和解构性的“物之不齐”论并未使庄子走向相对主义,因为在强调物之“不齐”的同时,庄子仍然相信存在着某些普遍性和可公度性的东西。庄子所崇尚的“同”,既指天道正义与自然合理性,又指原初而美好的人性,还指自然状态与良好秩序。在从“不齐”走向“齐”的过程中,庄子一面批判和解构了一些价值,一面又重建了另一些价值和正当,并展示了他对什么才是正当的、如何建立真正的正当的独特看法。庄子对“齐”和“不齐”的论述具有重要的现代意义:差异和多元是客观存在且不可消除的,但通过转换视角、开放心灵,人们最终能够克服偏见,并以多元和包容的心态重建共识。
Zhuang zi's(369-286 BCE)theory of“seeing things as equal”is neither a theory of identity that only emphasizes commonality while denying differences,nor a theory of relativism that advocates the abolition of all boundaries and standards.In Zhuang zi's opinion,the so-called values and legitimacy in the secular society are all biases based on a specific position or subjective perspective.Values can be diverse and different,and people's perspectives should also be diverse and varying.Therefore,Zhuang zi advocates breaking free from specific perspectives and biases,criticizing and deconstructing secular values and justice.However,this critical and deconstructive theory of“unevenness of things”did not lead Zhuang zi towards relativism,because while emphasizing the“unevenness”of things,Zhuang zi still believed in the existence of a certain degree of universality and commensurability.The“evenness”advocated by Zhuang zi refers to both the justice of heaven and natural rationality,as well as the original and good human nature,and also to the natural state and good order.In the process of moving from“unevenness”to“evenness”,Zhuang zi criticized and deconstructed some values while rebuilding some other values and justice,and demonstrated his unique views on what is justice and how to establish real justice.Zhuang zi's discourse on“evenness”and“unevenness”has important modern significance:differences and diversity are objectively present and cannot be eliminated,but through changing perspectives and opening up minds,people can ultimately overcome prejudice and rebuild consensus with a diverse and inclusive mindset.
出处
《周易研究》
北大核心
2024年第3期97-108,共12页
Studies of Zhouyi
关键词
庄子
齐物
相对主义
Zhuang zi
seeing things as equal
relativism
