摘要
继欧盟出台《外国补贴条例》并频繁对中国发动反补贴调查以来,美国也在不断搭建其跨境补贴的立法框架。从《1930年关税法案》对国际财团补贴和上游补贴的规制扩展到《公平竞争法案2.0》对跨国公司补贴、跨国补贴以及USMCA中对国有企业跨境补贴的规制,美国对于跨境补贴的规范已经呈现出了双轨规制的特征,即通过国内规范与国际规范互动的形式,将国内法层面的竞争公平理念和国际法层面的竞争中立理念分别作为立法基础,同时运用国内调查与国际争端解决两种模式来进行救济。相较于欧盟,美国对跨境补贴的规制具有更大的危害性,主要表现在其双轨规制削弱了SCM协定的效力,恶意规避了WTO对“公共机构”的认定标准,阻碍了多边主义的发展,尤其是降低了中国企业走出去的稳定性预期。对于中国而言,应当尽早采取应对措施,理性评估对跨境补贴规制的功能,积极推动跨境补贴合理国际规则的形成,并在国内层面构建合理的补贴框架。
Since EU introduced the Foreign Subsidies Regulation and frequently launched anti subsidy investigations against China,the United States has also been continuously building its legislative framework for cross-border subsidies.From international consortium subsidy and upstream subsidy in TariffAct of 1930 to multinational corporation subsidy,transnational subsidy in Leveling the Playing Field 2.0 Act,and crossborder subsidy for State-owned Enterprises in USMCA,the United States has shown a two-way regulatory feature in regulating cross-border subsidy.The characteristic is manifested in the interaction between domestic and international norms,using the concept of fair competition at the domestic legal level and the concept of neutral competition at the international legal level as the basis for legislation,while using two modes of domestic investigation and international dispute resolution for relief.Compared to EU,the rules of cross-border subsidy in the United States have greater harm,mainly manifested in its two-way regulation weakening the effectiveness of SCM Agreement,hindering the development of multilateralism,avoiding the criteria of WTO for identifying“public institutions”maliciously and especially lowering the stability expectations of Chinese enterprises.For China,measures should be taken as soon as possible to rationally evaluate the function of cross-border subsidy regulations,actively promote the formation of reasonable international rules for cross-border subsidy regulations and construct a reasonable subsidy framework at the domestic level.
作者
黄琳琳
HUANG Lin-lin(Shanghai Lixin University of Accounting and Finance,Shanghai 201209,China)
出处
《上海对外经贸大学学报》
北大核心
2024年第3期17-29,共13页
Journal of Shanghai University of International Business and Economics
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“中国特色自由贸易港国际法治研究”(项目编号:20&ZD205)的资助。
关键词
跨境补贴
双轨规制
补贴与反补贴
非商业援助
cross-border subsidy
two-way regulation
SCM
non-commercial assistance
