摘要
儒家是先秦诸子中最重要的学派之一。胡适的《说儒》一文认为儒是殷民族“亡国遗民”的宗教和“柔逊的人生观”,这一观点虽有缺点和不足,却开创了从商周的历史文化探究儒家起源的新思路。从民族志的角度来看,儒的柔顺品格与“东夷天性柔顺”密切相关,尧、舜、夏、商的“司徒之官”基本皆属于“东夷之人”也;“司徒之官”的职掌存在着由早期协调家族和氏族、部落内部关系,“慎徽五典,五典克从”,到中后期协调氏族、部落和方国间关系的转变。因此,每个时期都有着不同的“仁义”观念。结合出土文献来看,夏商时期的“司徒”应作“司■”,表示其负责部落迁徙之职;西周早中期皆作“■(司)土”,可见其有“掌建邦之土地”之责。先秦儒和儒家的起源,实可以从中国上古的氏族、部落和国家的历史变迁中找到其悠久的文化基因。
Confucianism is one of the most significant schools among the pre-Qin scholars. In Hu Shi's essay “Revisiting Confucianism”,he posits that Confucianism represents a religious aspect of the Yin people,the “remnants of a lost nation”and embodies a “gentle and humble worldview”. While this viewpoint has its shortcomings, it opens up a new approach to exploring the origins of Confucianism from the historical and cultural context of the Shang and Zhou dynasties. From the perspective of ethnography,the gentle character of Confucianism is closely related to the “gentleness”of the Dongyi people. Figures like Yao,Shun,Xia,and Shang,who held the position of situ 司徒,known as “Minister of Works”,primarily belonged to the “Dongyi people”. The responsibilities of the situ transitioned from coordinating internal relationships within early families,clans,and tribes with the principle of “caution in emblematic rituals;emblematic rituals should be followed ”to the later stage,which involved managing relationships between clans,tribes,and regional states. Consequently,different periods presented varied concepts of “benevolence and righteousness”. Combining unearthed documents,during the Xia and Shang periods,“Ministers of Works”were designated as situ 司■,indicating their responsibility for tribal migrations. In the early and middle periods of the Western Zhou dynasty,they were referred to as situ ■土,responsible for managing the land of the newly established state. Therefore,the origins of pre-Qin Confucianism and Confucianism itself can be traced back to the historical changes of ancient Chinese clans,tribes,and states,representing its profound cultural heritage.
出处
《国际儒学（中英文）》
2024年第1期33-48,184,185,共18页
International Studies on Confucianism
基金
国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“先秦诸子与上古的氏族、部落及国家——先秦诸子远源考论”(23FZXB011)
国家社会科学基金重大项目“先秦诸子综合研究”(15ZDBO07)。
