摘要
长期以来,远洋渔业船员享有人权的应然性和重要性被国际社会极大地忽略了,远洋渔业产业中存在着严重而普遍的侵犯船员人权的违法现象。阻碍保护远洋渔业船员人权的现实因素众多,包括非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动的存在、三大渔业公约的国际接受程度不高、海洋法及人权法公约应用无力、船旗国执法不力、港口国及沿海国管辖权的有效性有待考量、受害者无法在现有的双重人权保护机制下获得有效救济等。国际社会应当提高对该问题的一致认识,发挥一般性人权公约及其机制的积极作用,鼓励船旗国、港口国和沿海国积极行使管辖权,并从渔业产品供应链的末端入手倒逼渔业产品出口国改善管理机制。鉴于海洋环境的特殊性及远洋渔业产业的生产特性,建议利用现代化信息技术手段及渔业观察员计划、有效地监测现实状况,在已经建立渔业合作关系的国家间推动海上人权仲裁项目试点工作,切实推进远洋渔业船员的人权保护。
Among the topics of protecting human rights at sea,the human rights protection of seafarers in pelagic fisheries has become more typical,urgent,and thorny.The problem of violating the human rights of crew members in offshore fisheries has been known for a long time,and it is common for offshore fishing vessel operators to cut costs and increase catches by exploiting crew members in many circumstances.However,there are still challenges in regulating human rights violations of seafarers in the pelagic fisheries industry.Currently,many obstacles exist to the human rights protection of seafarers in pelagic fisheries.The unique operation mode of pelagic fisheries and the IUU fishing activities have exacerbated the difficulties in protecting the human rights of seafarers;the development in practice of the three significant fisheries conventions is not yet clear;the isolated rules,the laws of the sea and general human rights conventions face challenges in the application when it comes to the human rights protection of seafarer crews in the pelagic fisheries industry;the enthusiasm and effectiveness of the flag States and port States in exercising their jurisdiction need to be improved;the regulatory system of the coastal State needs to be coordinated with the prevailing system under the law of the sea;and the dual human rights protection mechanism can hardly guarantee the right to relief for seafarers in distant-water fisheries,all of which are complicated problems before the international community.In the future,the international community and sovereign states should take immediate action to provide a flexible mechanism of rights protection and relief measures for offshore fishing crews to safeguard their human rights effectively.Firstly,the positive role of general human rights conventions and their functions should be brought into full play,recognizing that offshore fishing crews enjoy a wide range of human rights.Through the cooperation of international human rights protection mechanisms,regional human rights protec
作者
于泓伟
YU Hongwei(Law School,Dalian Maritime University)
出处
《人权法学》
2024年第1期121-137,169,170,共19页
Journal of Human Rights Law
关键词
远洋渔业
船员
人权
人权保护
pelagic fisheries
seafarers
human rights
human rights protection
