摘要
晚明至清初,伴随商品经济的繁荣,出现了风俗夷陵、道德堕落的现象。与此相伴,儒佛二教都出现了“玄虚”之病。在阳明后学左派中,四无说大行其道,消解了阳明学的道德内涵,与禅学合流;在佛学内部,也出现了强调顿悟、不立文字、鄙弃经教的风潮。方以智在《易余》中对当时的世风和学风进行了猛烈的批判:他认为当时的世风已经到了廉耻丧尽的地步,根本原因是由当时虚无、混沦、高妙的学风造成的。阳明学的“现成良知”说、“无善无恶”说及禅宗中过分强调顿悟而轻修学的思想即是其具体表现。儒佛两家的这种学风导致了伦理秩序的虚无、社会秩序的失范以及佛教的衰落。方以智强调“格致交践”“阳统阴阳”“善统善恶”,重视礼乐,主张好学知耻、经世致用,在体用关系上强调体用交互等思想都与其对晚明清初学风、世风的矫正有关。
From the Late Ming to Early Qing,along with the prosperity of the commercial economy,the social customs and morality degraded. At the same time,Confucianism and Buddhism tended to become more abstract and void. In the left wing of the Yangming school,the theory of passing beyond the distinction of evil and good prevails,thus weakening the moral perspective of Yangming Learning,which gradually combined with the Chan Buddhism. Meanwhile,inside Buddhism,there appeared the trend of emphasizing sudden enlightenment,neglecting the efforts of cultivation and sutras. In the book of Yi Yu,Fang Yizhi fiercely criticised the social customs and academic atmosphere of that time: He thought the social customs of his age greatly degenerated because of the empty,obscure,and abstract learning which can be observed in Yangming School and Chan Buddhism. Fang Yizhi thought the learning of the two schools led to the nothingness of the moral order,the disorder of the society as well as the decline of Buddhism. He emphasized the importance of moral practices and rituals and music,focusing much on the importance of learning and its practical functions for society and so on which all related to correcting the social customs and learning of his age.
出处
《国际儒学（中英文）》
CSSCI
2023年第4期76-84,182,共10页
International Studies on Confucianism
关键词
晚明清初
方以智
《易余》
学风
世风
虚无
the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty
Yi Yu
Fang Yizhi
academic atmosphere
social customs
nothingness
