摘要
汉武帝与西王母的会面是在文学故事中得以实现的,而后这类文学作品又被创作成视觉性图像作品。宝山1号辽墓中的《降真图》,应是画家依据文学作品进行的图像创作,之后又因为某种机缘走入墓葬壁画粉本系统之中。通过与常阳天尊石像、《听琴图》、《写神老君别号事实图》中道君形象的比对,可以看出《降真图》中的汉武帝实际上是道教系统中符号化、概念化的道君形象。《降真图》的壁画渗透着道教成仙的思想,寄托着营建者希望墓主人在死后能升仙的一种美好愿望。将《降真图》与《寄锦图》对比可以发现,两图在人物姿态和动势上存在高度的相似性,可以充分反映出墓葬壁画粉本的流传及演变情况,由此推测宝山辽墓群壁画可能出自同一画家(或同一团队)之手。宋人董逌见过一幅名为《武皇望仙图》的绘画作品,他考证后认为,此画的主题是唐武宗观看由歌舞艺人扮演的汉武帝见西王母戏剧演出时的场景,与《降真图》中以汉武帝见西王母为主题的道教题材绘画有所差异,但是从中可见这个道教故事在唐代的流行程度和影响力,足以说明汉武帝见西王母在道教发展中的重要性。
The meeting of Han Emperor Wudi with the Queen Mother of the West often appeared in literature and the literary works later became the basis for visual materials.The Perfected’s Descendance uncovered from the No.1 tomb in Baoshan should be created by a painter based on the literature and later entered the draft system of the tomb murals.In comparison with the stone statue of the Celestial Honored One of Changyang,the Lord of the Way in the Illustration of Listening to the zither and the Xieshen laojun biehao shishi tu,Emperor Wudi in The Perfected’s Descendance was depicted as the Lord of the Way as being symbolized and conceptualized in the Daoist religious system.The mural of The Perfected’s Descendance depicted the thought of becoming transcendants in Daoism,which demonstrated the builder’s beautiful hope that the deceased could become a transcendent in the afterlife.While comparing with The Perfected’s Descendance and The Picture of Sending the Silk,the gesture and mobility of the figures in both painitngs were very similar,which might indicate the transmission and transformation of the original drafts for the tomb murals.It seems that those murals in the Liao tomb in Baoshan might be produced by the same artist.Dong You in the Song dynasty once saw a painting depicting Emperor Wudi’s viewing the transcendent.Dong suggested that this painting actually depicted the scene that Tang Emperor Wuzong watched the drama performed by the dancers and artists on Han Emperor Wudi met the Queen Mother of the West,which was slightly different from the theme of The Perfected’s Descendance.Nevertheless,it shows that this story was very popular in the Tang dynasty,and it played a crucial role in the history of Daoism.
关键词
宝山1
号墓
《降真图》
《寄锦图》
汉武帝
西王母
《武皇望仙图》
No.1 Tomb in Baoshan
the Perfected’s Descendance
Illustration of Sending the Silk
Han Emperor Wudi
the Queen Mother of the West
Illustration of Emperor Wuzong’s Viewing the Transcendents
