摘要
放牧家畜与食草野生动物争草(畜兽冲突)是人兽冲突在草原放牧业中的具体体现,其涉及面广,对牧民生计影响明显。畜兽冲突强度研究对完善野生动物损害补偿制度、促进人与自然和谐共生具有重要意义。论文通过地面调查与模型模拟,考虑草地牧草产量、家畜存栏量和食草野生动物种群数量,提出了放牧家畜与食草野生动物争草冲突强度量化方法,评价了三江源国家公园玛多县牧草地畜兽争草强度。结果表明:(1)据2022年样线调查和随机森林模型估计,玛多县藏野驴(Equus kiang)、藏原羚(Procapra picticaudata)种群密度分别为0.2157头/km^(2)、0.1655只/km^(2),种群数量分别为5307头、4073只,折合23264羊单位(SU),2018年末各类家畜存栏量34.2万SU,畜兽争草相对强度为1/14.7。(2)玛多县高寒草甸、高寒草原的可食牧草产量分别为118.7 g/m^(2)、88.3 g/m^(2),可承载密度分别为0.2710 SU/hm^(2)、0.1532 SU/hm^(2),理论承载力52.85万SU。家畜承载率、食草野生动物承载率、家畜+食草野生动物承载率分别为64.7%、4.4%和69.1%。(3)国家公园内的乡镇,草地承载力盈余,家畜承载率低、野生动物承载率高,但畜兽争草相对强度较大,建议完善移民搬迁、野生动物损害补偿制度,强化国家公园体制建设;国家公园外的乡镇,草地超载严重,家畜承载率高,畜兽争草强度不高,建议减畜增效、绿色发展。
Measuring the intensity of competition for forage between livestock and wild herbivores is important for improving the compensation system of wildlife damage and promoting harmonious human-wildlife coexistence.Using indictors including forage yield,livestock number,and wild herbivores population size,and a combination of grassland quadrat,wildlife transect line survey,and model simulation tools,this study proposed a method to measure the intensity of competition for forage between grazing livestock and wild herbivores,and evaluated the intensity of competition in Maduo County,where more than 3/4 of the county area is within the Sanjiangyuan National Park.The results show that:1)The population densities of Tibetan wild ass(Equus kiang)and Tibetan gazelle(Procapra picticaudata)in Maduo County were 0.2157 and 0.1655 head/km^(2),respectively,and their numbers were 5307 and 4073,respectively,in total equivalent to 23264 sheep units(SU),according to the transect line survey in 2022 and random forest model simulation.The number of grazing livestock at the end of 2018 was 342000 SU,and the relative intensity of competition for forage between livestock and wild herbivores was 1/14.7.2)The edible forage yield of alpine meadow and alpine steppe in Maduo County was 118.7 and 88.3 g/m^(2),respectively,and the carrying density was 0.2710 and 0.1532 SU/hm^(2),respectively.The theoretical carrying capacity of grasslands in the county was 528500 SU.The stocking rates of livestock,herbivorous wildlife,and livestock+herbivorous wildlife were 64.7%,4.4%and 69.1%,respectively.3)In the townships within the Sanjiangyuan National Park,the stocking rate of domestic livestock was low,the stocking rate of wild herbivores was high,and there was a potential for the grassland to support more wild herbivores,but the relative intensity of competition for forage between livestock and wild herbivores was high.It is recommended to relocate herders from the national park and improve the compensation system for wildlife damage within the national pa
作者
王守兴
徐增让
乔添
张彪
魏子谦
杨明新
WANG Shouxing;XU Zengrang;QIAO Tian;ZHANG Biao;WEI Ziqian;YANG Mingxin(Xining Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center,China Geological Survey,Xining 810000,China;Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;China Academy of Building Research,Beijing 100013,China)
出处
《地理科学进展》
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第11期2186-2197,共12页
Progress in Geography
基金
中国地质调查局项目(DD20220959)
国家自然科学基金项目(42371283,41971263)
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0603)。
关键词
畜兽冲突
资源竞争
草地承载力
可食牧草产量
家畜存栏量
野生动物数量
livestock-wild herbivores conflict
resource competition
carrying capacity
edible forage yield
livestock number
wildlife population size
