摘要
马克思利润率趋向下降规律表明资本主义无法以渐进的、无危机的方式向前发展,因此它一直是资本主义秩序的捍卫者和改良派左翼分子批判的目标。针对20世纪60年代末以来发达资本主义国家利润率为何长期下降的问题,西方激进政治经济学在否定利润率趋向下降规律的同时提出了三种替代性理论:“需求不足论”、“利润挤压论”和“过度竞争论”,但三者都无法在理论上自洽。马克思利润率趋向下降规律清晰地阐明利润率长期下降的实质是剩余价值生产相对于总资本趋向减少,根源在于资本主义生产方式具有竭力将生产性活劳动减少到最低限度的趋势。这种趋势表现在两个方面:生产性领域内物化劳动对活劳动的替代,即资本有机构成提高;活劳动由生产性领域向非生产性领域的转移,即非生产性劳动相对于生产性劳动的快速扩张。马克思根据其所处时代,在《资本论》及其手稿中强调资本有机构成提高是利润率长期下降的原因。当代以流通劳动和社会维持劳动为主导的非生产性劳动快速增长,非生产性劳动相对于生产性劳动的快速扩张构成了利润率长期下降的另一个重要原因。马克思利润率趋向下降规律在当代不仅没有过时,而且取得了新的表现。
The law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall shows that capitalism cannot develop in a gradual and crisis free way,so it has always been the target of criticism by the defenders of the capitalist order and the left-wing reformers.As for why the profit rate of developed capitalist countries has been declining for a long time since the end of the 1960s,Western radical political economics,while denying the law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall,proposed three alternative theories:the theory of insufficient demand,the theory of profit squeeze and the theory of excessive competition.These three alternative theories cannot be theoretically consistent.Marx's law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall clearly states that the essence of the long-term decline of profit rate is that the surplus value production tends to decrease relative to the total capital and its root is that the capitalist mode of production has the tendency to reduce the productive labor to the minimum.This trend is reflected in two aspects:the substitution of materialized labor for living labor in the productive field,that is,the improvement of the organic composition of capital,and the transfer of living labor from the productive field to the non-productive feld,that is,the rapid expansion of non-productive labor relative to productive labor.According to his age,Marx emphasized in Capital and its manuscripts that the improvement of the organic composition of capital was the reason for the long-term decline of profit rate.In the contemporary era,nonproductive labor dominated by circulation labor and social maintenance labor is growing rapidly.The rapid expansion of non-productive labor relative to productive labor constitutes another important reason for the longterm decline of profit rate.Marx's law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall is not only not out of date,but also has achieved new performance.
基金
国家社会科学基金重点项目“马克思主义视阈下全球价值链中风险的社会放大及其防控研究”(18AJL003)阶段性成果。
关键词
马克思主义
利润率趋向下降规律
需求不足
利润挤压
过度竞争
Marxism
the law of the tendency of the rate of proflt to fall
underconsumption
proflt squeeze
excessive competition
