摘要
20世纪60年代,日本农业主要由拥有小规模土地的家庭经营。为了实现农业结构现代化,日本政府计划通过转让农地所有权的方式扩大农业规模。然而农业用地价格的高涨使得日本整体农业规模扩大的目标未能实现,除北海道外,大部分地区依然停留在小规模兼业农户水平。在北海道,农业用地价格虽有增长,但其涨幅没有超过收益还原法估算的农业用地定价;土地改革等相关政策的实施,为农业机械的高效利用提供了支持;制造业发展滞后,农民难以在其他行业兼职。这些都为北海道的土地利用型农业规模的扩大起到了促进作用。今天,集落营农组织和股份公司等法人经营者一方面接收来自脱离农业家庭的土地,一方面增加租用农田,在农业领域发挥着越来越重要的作用,政府期望这样的经营者承担今后日本粮食的供应。北海道农业仍以家庭经营为主,法人经营者虽有所增加,但其一半以上本质上仍是家庭式经营,它们企业式的管理能力不断提高,以自有土地为主。家庭经营因其具有目标共有、便于协调和分配劳动等方面的优势,显示了家族经营固有的韧性。今天,北海道与日本其他地区同样,面临着农村人口减少、资源和能源成本迅速上升等问题,农业的可持续发展面临巨大挑战。因此,我们有必要通过普及智慧农业技术等方式进一步提高生产率,利用有机物循环防止土壤退化,推进生物质发电等措施以应对全球气候变暖等问题。
In the 1960s,Japanese agriculture was mainly run by families who owned small-scale land.In order to modernize the agricultural structure,the Japanese government planned to expand the scale of agriculture by transferring ownership of farmland.However,the high price of agricultural land has prevented the goal of expanding the scale of agriculture in Japan as a whole from being realized,and most regions,except Hokkaido,remain at the level of small-scale part-time farmers.In Hokkaido,agricultural land prices have increased,but their rate of increase has not exceeded the pricing of agricultural land estimated by the revenue reduction method;the implementation of land reform and other related policies has supported the efficient use of agricultural machinery;and the layout of the manufacturing industry has lagged behind,making it difficult for farmers to work part-time in other industries.All of these have contributed to the expansion of land-use agriculture in Hokkaido.Today,corporate operators,such as the community-based group farming and joint-stock companies,are playing an increasingly important role in the agricultural field by accepting land from families that have left farming and expanding farmland leasing,and the government expects such operators to assume responsibility for the future supply of food in Japan.Farming in Hokkaido is still predominantly family-run,and although there has been an increase in the number of corporate operators,more than half of them are stil essentially family-run.The management capacity of family-run businesses is improving,and they mainly own their own land.Family management has demonstrated the inherent resilience of family business due to its advantages of shared goals and ease of coordination and distribution of labor.Hokkaido,like the rest of Japan,is facing problems such as a declining rural population and rapidly rising resource and energy costs,posing a great challenge to the sustainable development of agriculture.Therefore,it is necessary for us to further increase product
出处
《日本研究》
2023年第2期82-96,共15页
Japan Studies
关键词
家庭农业经营
集落营农组织
农业人口
土地改革
智慧农业
Family Agricultural Management
Community-based Group Farming
Agricultural Population
Land Reform
Intelligent Agriculture
