摘要
生态环境司法的功能递进,系指由补救性司法的单一性结构向补救性与预防性相结合的共生性结构转变的过程。环境风险与生态破坏的长期潜伏性使对生态环境风险的司法救济与规制变得愈发紧迫。在矫正正义观念、原告主体资格、相当因果关系与科学不确定性等理论的束缚之下,传统的补救性环境司法体系难以应对欠缺时空具体性的生态环境风险,只有在补救性司法的基础上融入预防性环境司法的理念与机制,环境司法体系方能实现对生态环境风险的救济。在能动司法、风险社会与预防性正义等理论支撑下,预防性司法得以回应理论质疑、取得规制环境生态风险的手段正义性。应当从构建生态环境预防性私益诉讼、强化环境民事公益诉讼的风险救济能力、在生态环境损害赔偿诉讼中嵌入预防性救济功能等方面实现环境民事司法的预防性转向;从扩张原告资格、设定弹性管辖、放宽受理条件、延展启动时机、建立被告资格审查机制等方面实现环境行政司法的预防性转向;从设立生态环境危险犯、生态环境过失危险犯,将损害生态环境法益预备行为入罪化等方面,实现环境刑事司法的预防性转向。
The progressive function of ecological environmental justice refers to the process of changing from the single structure of remedial justice to the symbiotic structure combining remedial and preventive justice.The long-term latent nature of environmental risks and ecological damage makes the judicial relief and regulation of ecological environmental risks more urgent.Under the constraint of theories such as corrective justice concept,plaintiff subject qualification,equivalent causality and scientific uncertainty,the traditional remedial environmental justice system is unable to cope with the ecological environmental risks lacking time and space specificity.Only by integrating the concept and mechanism of preventive environmental justice on the basis of remedial justice,can the environmental justice system realize the relief of ecological environmental risks.Under the theoretical support of active justice,risk society and preventive justice,preventive justice can respond to theoretical questions and obtain the justice of means to regulate environmental and ecological risks.The preventive turn of environmental civil justice should be realized from the aspects of constructing ecological environmental preventive private interest litigation,strengthening the risk relief ability of environmental civil public interest litigation,and embedding preventive relief function in ecological environmental damage compensation litigation.To realize the preventive turn of environmental administrative justice from the aspects of expanding the plaintiff’s qualification,setting up flexible jurisdiction,relaxing the acceptance conditions,extending the starting time,and establishing the defendant’s qualification examination mechanism;the preventive turn of environmental criminal justice can be realized from setting up dangerous crime of ecological environment,setting up dangerous crime of ecological negligence and criminalizing preparatory act of damaging ecological environmental legal interests.
作者
马腾
陈海嵩
Ma Teng;Chen Haisong
出处
《学海》
CSSCI
北大核心
2023年第3期207-216,共10页
Academia Bimestris
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“新时代生态文明建设目标评价考核制度优化研究”(项目号:22&ZD138)
首都经济贸易大学青年教师科研基金启动项目“生态环境预防性司法体系的建构”(项目号:XRZ2022014)的阶段性成果。
关键词
环境司法
环境风险
预防性司法
补救性司法
司法能动主义
environmental justice
environmental risks
preventive justice
remedial justice
judicial activism
